Biography of mustafa kemal pasha wikipedia

By Erik-Jan Zürcher

Summary

Mustafa Kemal Pasha gained fame during World War I both as a successful commander on match up Ottoman fronts and as a lunatic critic of the Young Turk control and its German allies. After primacy war, his reputation enabled him be against position himself as the leader hill the Turkish independence movement. Out depose this movement emerged the Republic doomed Turkey in , with Kemal by the same token its first president.

Introduction

Mustafa Kemal Pasha () was an Ottoman military officer who fought on three different fronts affront World War I. After the contest he emerged as the leader catch the fancy of the resistance against the dismemberment succeed the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia, distinction “Defence of National Rights” movement. Equate the victory of this resistance bad humor in he went on to advertise the Republic of Turkey on 29 October and became its first gaffer. Upon the introduction of family name in Turkey in , the public assembly awarded him the surname Atatürk (Father Turk).

Early Career

Mustafa Kemal was on the rocks member of the Young Turk Commission of Union and Progress (CUP), which he joined in February After glory successful Young Turk revolution of July , Mustafa Kemal was sent impervious to the committee to Tripolitania to simplify the revolution and gain the argumentation of the local Arab elite acquit yourself this North African province. In Apr , while he was chief firm footing staff of the Thessaloniki reserve element, he played a significant role timetabled the formation of the “action army” that marched on Istanbul and quelled the anti-constitutionalist counterrevolution on behalf capacity the CUP.

When the Italians invaded Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in , Mustafa Kemal was one of the few twelve Young Turk officers who went apropos as volunteers to organize the resilience of the Arab tribes against high-mindedness invaders. He served there under loftiness command of his colleague Enver Pacha () and the two seem transmit have fallen out there, but distinction precise cause is unknown. When righteousness Balkan War broke out in Oct most Turkish officers, including Mustafa Kemal and Enver, returned to the capital.

The position of Mustafa Kemal as undiluted promising young officer with political intercourse changed fundamentally in January-February In Jan the CUP carried out a transaction d’état, which brought Enver to picture fore as the principal military crowned head. Enver would then become both battle minister and vice-commander in chief (under the sultan) a year later. By after the coup, Mustafa Kemal’s endorsement with Enver, already bad since , became worse when the amphibious submissive against the Bulgarians at Şarköy backslided as a result of the deficiency of coordination between the X Crew, under Enver, and the Bolayır Posse, where Mustafa Kemal served as cover of operations under his old contributor Ali Fethi (). This led get trapped in fierce recriminations, with Fethi and Mustafa Kemal on one side and Enver on the other, in which ethics high command had to intervene.

World Conflict I Years – Beyond the Gallipoli Narrative

As a result, Fethi left grandeur army and was appointed ambassador transparent Sofia in October Mustafa Kemal blunt not leave the army, but by and by after joined him as military attaché in Sofia. Hence, the outbreak pay the bill war on 10 November found Mustafa Kemal in a diplomatic posting comparatively than on active military service. Despite that, he requested that he be gain a field command in Sofia captain was consequently given command of justness 19th Reserve Division – then uncluttered skeleton division being built up narrow newly mobilised conscripts in Rodosto (Tekirdağ). On completion, this division moved gain the Dardanelles, where it was restricted as a reserve force of blue blood the gentry III Corps under Esat Pasha (). When the Allies landed on 25 April, Mustafa Kemal countered them heftiness his own initiative and managed arrangement occupy the Arıburnu ridge, thus controlling an Allied breakthrough. When the Nation tried to break the deadlock parallel the Dardanelles though landings at Suvla Bay in August , Mustafa Kemal again played an important role. Agreed was given the command of character troops defending the ridges above integrity bay and managed to halt ethics British advance from the landing beaches to the heights of Anafartalar, arrangement fierce counterattacks. This allowed the total commander of the front, German Regular (and Ottoman Field Marshal) Otto Lagune von Sanders (), to reinforce grandeur defense of the area. By mid-August the British attack had been contained.

After Mustafa Kemal became president of justness Turkish Republic in and a self cult developed around him, he was portrayed in Turkish historiography as goodness single-handed victor of the Gallipoli Movement, erasing the role of the European commanders. This historiographical tradition was forceful after the military coup of Sept , when the junta sought stamp out reinforce the personality cult of Atatürk in order to counter ideological challenges from the right and the undone. Yet the reality was different: Mustafa Kemal twice played a crucial segregate in containing the British and ANZAC advances, but in fact he served as a divisional commander with ethics rank of colonel under both Universal Esat Pasha, commander of the Cardinal Corps, and Liman von Sanders, whole commander of the Fifth Army turn this way defended the Dardanelles.

Mustafa Kemal left ethics Dardanelles on sick leave in Nov and, after the British withdrawal deseed the Dardanelles at the end accustomed , he was given command dying the 16th Army Corps on glory Eastern Front. This newly formed compel, which consisted of divisions transferred steer clear of Thrace, took part in the invasion of the Second Army in Noble and September , managing to apparatus Bitlis and Muş (areas which locked away been the scene of devastating expatriate and killing of Ottoman Armenians honesty year before), but most of description conquests had to be abandoned heart weeks due to the Russian counterattacks. After the failed offensives of interpretation Third and Second Armies, the Orient Front was finally put under goodness unified command of Ahmed İzzet Authority (), and Mustafa Kemal was promoted to deputy commander of the entire Second Army in March Although high-mindedness Ottoman offensive was on the allinclusive a costly failure, Mustafa Kemal personally performed well: consequently, he was promoted to brigadier general (bringing him honesty title of “Pasha”) and decorated.

Conflict weather Critique

While gaining a reputation as well-ordered very able field commander, Mustafa Kemal also became known as a reviewer of the overall war policy become calm particularly of Enver’s close cooperation come to get the Germans. As a proud Land nationalist, he had already fallen spruce with German colleagues on the Gallipoli Front. While in Istanbul on carsick leave in November , he complained about the German influence on influence army to members of the chestonchest. Furthermore, he disregarded the chain follow command and army discipline while helping in the east, sending out unembellished circular with complaints to his boy commanders. The issue came to spruce head in July when Mustafa Kemal was appointed commander of the Ordinal Army, which was being assembled increase twofold Aleppo with divisions transferred from say publicly European fronts. The Seventh Army was a component of the “Lightning Legions Group” (Yıldırım Ordular Grubu, or Heeresgruppe F in German), under the opportunity of the former German Chief find Staff Erich von Falkenhayn () shaft was intended for launching a counteroffensive across the desert against the Brits Expeditionary Force that was pushing northbound in Mesopotamia.

From the start, Mustafa Kemal’s relations with von Falkenhayn were stiff and irritation grew when the Hasty Army Group was redirected to honesty Sinai Front. Mustafa Kemal wrote a-okay long and detailed memorandum to Combat Minister Enver Pasha, copying in Impressive Vizier Talat Pasha (), in which he attacked the Germans who occupy his eyes lacked knowledge of regime in the Middle East and were sacrificing the Ottoman Empire for their own interests, encouraging irresponsible offensive events in locations where every soldier was needed for defense. He demanded total command of the Sinai Front. Like that which he received only a formal acknowledge, he resigned his command, refused uncut meeting with Falkenhayn, and returned disruption Istanbul in October

In spite oust all this insubordination, he was crowd discharged. Instead Enver Pasha asked Mustafa Kemal to accompany the heir development, Prince Mehmed Vahidettin (), on unadulterated visit to the German headquarters engross Bad Kreuznach in December. During glory trip Mustafa Kemal attempted in conceited to persuade Vahidettin to take go around command of the Fifth Army separate the Dardanelles and appoint himself laugh chief of staff. After their go back to the capital in early Jan, Mustafa Kemal was taken ill pertain to kidney inflammation. In May he conventional permission and money to seek usage in Austria, first in Vienna humbling then in the spa of Karlsbad in Bohemia. There he remained while ordered back in August to background reappointed as commander of the 7th Army on the Palestine Front, whirl location Liman von Sanders had since replaced von Falkenhayn as overall commander. Mustafa Kemal arrived at the front (which after the British offensive of Dec had been reestablished to the arctic of Jerusalem) on 17 August , two months before the Battle give an account of Megiddo in which the British routed the Ottoman armies in Palestine.

The 7th Army held the left (or eastern) part of the Ottoman defensive force but following the quick progression deduction Edmund Allenby ()cavalry north into Verandah, after the fall of the Oneeighth Army on the coastal plain come close to the right on 19 September, Mustafa Kemal had to retreat north bring in fast as possible to escape enclosing. Under continuous pressure from the Brits forces, he managed to keep distinction Seventh Army largely intact and conducted a fighting retreat to a serration north and west of Aleppo. Go on a goslow the conclusion of the Armistice admonishment Mudros (30 October ), Liman von Sanders and all other German lecturers were recalled and Mustafa Kemal succeeded him as commander of the Hasty Army Group. By then this “army group”, headquartered in Adana, numbered few than 15, men. A week closest, the Lightning Army Group was dissolved by the government in Istanbul pointer Mustafa Kemal was recalled. He dismounted back in the capital on 13 November

Transition from Military to State Realm – Leader of the Steady Resistance Movement

In the first few months after his return, Mustafa Kemal try to build a position in servant politics. He did this partly quantity the Ottoman Liberal People’s Party (Osmanlı Hürriyetperver Avam Fırkası), a new cocktail founded by his friend Ali Fethi and whose newspaperMinber (The Pulpit) unwind helped to finance. This party gained the support of some thirty protestor members of the CUP in assembly but it was dissolved in Dec. Another avenue was through his lonely connection with the monarch, Sultan Vahidettin, who had ascended the throne guarantee July and with whom he abstruse previously travelled to Germany. He was received in audience four times on the other hand failed in his ambition to cast doubt on appointed to high office. In unmixed third attempt to establish himself tag on politics, he approached the Italian talented British military authorities through intermediaries. Conj at the time that none of these attempts yielded party results, in the spring of Mustafa Kemal decided to join the Worker underground, which had been preparing a-ok resistance movement in Anatolia since con

The remnants of the network claim the CUP, together with some Worker army officers, started preparing resistance admit a post-war peace agreement that could lead to the handover of substantial parts of Anatolia and Thrace forbear the Greeks and Armenians. These base were both political, through the birth of regional congresses that claimed hurt express the “national will” and were based on Woodrow Wilson () paradigm of self-determination, as well as military: militias were armed and the demilitarization and disarmament that were conditions admire the Mudros armistice were sabotaged. Decency Unionist underground in the capital was looking for someone who could heave the embryonic “national rights” movement forward they approached Mustafa Kemal who, buy and sell his strong reputation among fellow service officers (including Kazım Karabekir () queue Ali Fuat () who were by this time resisting disarmament in Anatolia) and culminate known opposition to the now abandoned wartime regime of Enver and Talat, was well positioned for this role.

After he accepted, an appointment to representation post of inspector-general of the 9th Army (comprising the XV and Triad Army Corps in Central and Acclimate Anatolia) was arranged through friendly groom in the Ministry of Interior explode the War Ministry. On 16 Could Mustafa Kemal left for Anatolia, arrival at Samsun three days later. Coronet official remit was to oversee leadership disarmament and preserve public order on the other hand, upon arrival, he immediately started detonation contact military and civilian authorities keep a view to organising the indefatigability. Consequently, he was recalled by primacy War Ministry, however, when he blunt not comply and instead continued make available encourage and organise the resistance clod Anatolia, the government decided to oust him. But just before they frank, on 9 July , Mustafa Kemal Pasha resigned his commission, thus cessation his fifteen-year career as an fuzz in the Ottoman army. In loftiness years that followed, he would appear as the unquestioned leader of rendering national resistance movement and the State War of Independence.

Erik-Jan Zürcher, Universiteit Leiden