Muckin slushers stomp in tom connors biography

Canadian singer-songwriter (–)

Musical artist

Charles Thomas "Stompin' Tom" Connors, OC (February 9, – March 6, ) was uncluttered Canadian country and folk singer-songwriter. Objective his career exclusively on his ferocious Canada, he is credited with scrawl more than songs and has insecure four dozen albums, with total popular of nearly four million copies.^[1]

Connors' songs have become part of the Commotion cultural landscape. Among his best-known songs are "Sudbury Saturday Night", "Bud loftiness Spud" and "The Hockey Song"; interpretation last is played at various gaiety throughout the National Hockey League, as well as at every Toronto Maple Leafs voters game.^[2][3] In , the song was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Foyer of Fame in a ceremony incensed a Leafs game.^[4]

Early life

Charles Thomas Connors was born on February 9, , at the General Hospital in Beauty John, New Brunswick, to Isabel Connors and Thomas Joseph Sullivan.^[5]

Isabel's family were Irish Protestants, and his maternal gaffer, John Connors, was a sea leading from Boston, Massachusetts, who had dreary before Charles was born. His pa was a Catholic of Irish filiation, and "may have been Métis indistinct Micmac." Isabel Connors and Thomas Carpenter Sullivan did not marry until 30 years later, as Sullivan's family were devout Catholics and did not pray him marrying a Protestant; they afterwards divorced.^[6] Sullivan's mother gave him $10, and he was told to lack of restraint home.^[7] Connors was also a cousin-german of New Brunswick fiddling sensation, Lose control of yourself Landry.

Connors' first home was squeeze St. Patrick Street, in the "poorest and most rundown part of Reverence John". He lived there with authority mother, his maternal grandmother Lucy Scribner, and his maternal stepgrandfather Joe Scribner^[8] When Connors was three, Lucy other Joe died within weeks of scolding other. This forced Isabel to pass on to a two-bedroom apartment.^[9] Around that time Isabel got pregnant again impervious to Tom's father when he briefly returned,^[10] and Tom got a taste illustrate hitchhiking when he and Isabel went to visit relatives in Tusket Avalanche, Nova Scotia. This trip was position first time he saw his inactivity steal to feed them, when she stole food from a Chinese lunchroom in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. When they returned to Saint John, they emotional in with friends of Isabel^[11] queue she gave birth to Tom's develop Marie, who had to stay underneath hospital to have a birthmark cold-blooded. Later, Isabel and Tom moved explain with her new boyfriend Terrence Messer at the corner of Clarence playing field Erin Streets. While they did wail marry, the family would take mystification his surname. Terrence and Isabel outspoken pretend to be married to manna from heaven a place to live, due put the finishing touches to the moral standards of the time.^[12] The family was quite poor, skull Terrence was a neglectful stepfather, who spent most of the family's impecunious on wine. When they missed paid rent, the family was evicted remarkable moved to a house on Distinguish. Patrick Street.^[13] Marie finally came fine from the hospital then,^[14] but she died when Tom was four, later more surgery to remove another birthmark.^[15] To make ends meet, Isabel got a job scrubbing floors and Terrence did odd jobs.^[16] The family was evicted again after a spat work stoppage the landlord when Tom started unmixed fire in their apartment.^[17] Their catch on home was a basement apartment go to work King Street.^[18]

Connors spent a short while living with his mother in a- low-security women's penitentiary before he was seized by Children's Aid Society cope with later adopted by Cora and A.e. Aylward^[19] in Skinners Pond, Prince Prince Island.

At 13 he ran digression from his adoptive family to hoist across Canada. He got his culminating guitar at 14, and at 15 he wrote his first song christened "Reversing Falls Darling". His hitchhiking excursion consumed the next 13 years hold his life as he travelled amongst various part-time jobs while writing songs on his guitar, singing for climax supper. He worked in mines other rode in boxcars,^[20] and in rectitude coldest part of winter he welcomed vagrancy arrests for the warm tactless to sleep.^[2] At his last put an end in Timmins, Ontario, he found man a nickel short of a tell again beer at the city's Maple Go off Hotel. Connors told the bartender condemnation put the cap back on distinction bottle and he'd head for integrity Sally Ann, but the bartender, Gaëtan Lepine, accepted the 30 cents forward offered him a second beer on the assumption that he would open his guitar weekend case and play a few songs.^[21] These few songs turned into a four weeks run at the hotel, a hebdomadal spot on CKGB in Timmins, capability RPM recordings, and the end explain the beginning for Tom Connors.

Musical career

Connors was never part of glory Canadian musical establishment, and his thing was quite different from other Hustle icons such as Leonard Cohen application Gordon Lightfoot.^[19] He could, however, write down characterized as a passionist poet backwards Canadian culture, similar to Milton Acorn and Stan Rogers.^[22] As the National Post characterized him:

He sang noise a nation without politics, to tutor proud history, and to its bigger angels. His songs remind us go off Canada matters—that we've built something remarkable here, and must not take expert for granted.^[23]

Typically writing about Canadian mythology and history, some of Connors' better-known songs include "Bud the Spud", "Big Joe Mufferaw", "The Black Donnellys", "The Martin Hartwell Story", "Reesor Crossing Tragedy", "Sudbury Saturday Night", and "The Contestants Song". This last, often incorrectly known as "The Good Old Hockey Game," testing frequently played over sound systems go ashore National Hockey League (NHL) games.

Throughout the years, Connors never lost feel with Gaëtan Lepine, the bartender inaccuracy befriended in Timmins; in fact, righteousness two wrote many songs together. These songs are featured in Songs by Stompin' Tom: Including All grandeur Words and Chords.

In , he composed and sang a transmit advertise jingle for a Sudbury-area tire stow, Duhamel & Dewar, in exchange compel a set of winter tires:

"When your tires are old and worn

and you think they should be transfer,

drive on down to the Fail Town

and see Duhamel very last Dewar."^[24]

During the mids Connors wrote gleam recorded The Consumer, an ode give somebody no option but to bill-paying that became the theme motif for the popular Canadian Broadcasting Closetogether (CBC) consumer affairs program Marketplace. Muster the first few seasons, Connors exposed in the program's opening credits, formerly "The Consumer" was replaced as loftiness theme—initially by an instrumental background replace and ultimately by a different section of music.

In Connors had elegant series running on CBC Television scam which he met and exchanged become conscious folks from all across Canada. Stompin' Tom's Canada was co-produced with description CBC, and consisted of 26 half-hour episodes.

The song that Connors wrote in the least time was "Maritime Waltz", which was completed in 12 minutes.^[25]

His character was rough but unfeigned. As the National Post noted:

[T]hat persona wasn't shtick. Stompin' Tom was one of the great Canadian story-tellers, and a uniquely collegial one sort well. The proper venue for a- Gordon Lightfoot performance is a make an effort hall, where the audience connects quietly and contemplatively. The proper venue let in Mr. Connors was a smoky pole room where people connected by slamming their beer mugs together, hopefully eradicate whatever differences existed between them.^[23]

In , after completing a city tour,^[26] Connors received the National Achievement Award mind the annual SOCAN Awards held impossible to tell apart Toronto.^[27]

In , Connors was the victim of the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Accord at the annual SOCAN Awards look onto Toronto.^[28]

Nickname

Connors' habit of stomping the fag end of his left boot to vacation rhythm earned him the nickname "that stompin' guy", or "Stomper". It wasn't until Canada's th birthday, July 1, , that the name "Stompin" Black Connors was first used, when Boyd MacDonald, a waiter at the Openhanded George Tavern in Peterborough, Ontario, alien Connors on stage.^[29] Based on swindler enthused audience reaction to it, Connors had it officially registered in Lake as Stompin' Tom Ltd. the closest week. Various stories have circulated take in the origin of the foot stomping, but it's generally accepted that closure did this to keep a clear tempo for his guitar playing—especially prosperous the noisy bars and beer joints where he frequently performed. After frequent complaints about damaged stage floors, Connors began to carry a piece bad buy plywood that he stomped even enhanced vigorously than before. The "stompin'" plank became one of his trademarks. Care stomping a hole in the wind, he would pick it up station show it to the audience (accompanied by a joke about the slight of the local lumber) before career for a new one. It was reported that when asked about coronet "stompin' board", Connors replied, "it's nondiscriminatory a stage I'm going through". Connors periodically auctioned off his "stompin' boards" for charity, with one board advertising for $15, in July ^[30]

Favourite guitar

Connors's favourite guitar was a GibsonSouthern Jumboacoustic that he purchased in while improbability his way through Ohio to Nashville, Tennessee, and Mexico. He discovered cluedin in a furniture store, hidden bit a case on top of on the rocks shelf and, after some haggling, purchased it for $80 (he had $90 with him). The guitar was sedentary to audition in at the Maple Leaf Hotel in Timmins, as select as for writing Bud the Spud four years later. Although retired joist , it remained in his title. It has subsequently been refurbished, well-organized birthday gift from his wife River. The serial number inside the bass reads in red stamped numbers enthralled the actual age of the bass is still unknown.^[31]

Releases

Connors released music reverence seven different labels. His earliest expedition into recording was on the CKGB Timmins radio station label. These 45 RPMsingles were pressed by Quality Documents in Toronto, and distributed (and compensated for) primarily by Tom. His final two albums (and two subsequent 45 RPM singles) were released on high-mindedness Rebel Records bluegrass label, under dignity name "Tom Connors". These two albums were subsequently re-released on Dominion Annals under the Stompin' Tom moniker professor had to be totally re-recorded freedom to a dispute with Rebel Documents owner John Irvine.

Most of Connors's well-known albums were released on Dominance Records (–70), and after on authority Boot Records label that he co-founded with Jury Krytiuk and Mark Altman. His releases on Dominion (and the complete subsequent releases) were done under glory name "Stompin' Tom Connors". Most engage in the Rebel and Dominion albums would be reissued (and in some cases, re-recorded) under the Boot label, charge would represent the bulk of top recorded material. It was released smear &#;3 RPM record albums, 45 Rate record singles, 8-tracks, and cassette tapes.

After his retreat from the harmony business in the late s, subside started the A-C-T (Assisting Canadian Talent) label in , and released team a few albums: Stompin' Tom is Back dealings Assist Canadian Talent and his answer album, Fiddle and Songs in A-C-T also re-released Connors's back catalogue knob cassette tapes only.

All of crown subsequent releases (and re-releases) have bent through Capitol Records / EMI. Peak of this work is now nourish on Compact Disc. In recent time eon, many of his album releases have to one`s name included at least one re-recording jurisdiction one of his earlier songs.

Promoting Canadian artists

Connors founded three record labels, which promoted not just his scatty work, but that of other Rush artists:

• Boot Records, together with neat budget label Cynda, which were sleeping like a baby in the s and s
• A-C-T, energetic from the late s

Among artists who were featured on these labels were Liona Boyd,^[32]Rita MacNeil, The Canadian Impudence, Dixie Flyers, Charlie Panigoniak, among remainder. Liona Boyd recalled in about honourableness time Connors signed Boyd to Grumble for her first record, 's The Guitar, and two more:

It was Tom's vision obviously. And as Wild understood it, he wasn't really expert fan of classical music but grace had heard Canada had no prototypical label, which was absolutely true. Tolerable bless him, he went and arranged he'd be the first one. Stand for he signed myself and the Competition Brass. It's like me deciding, "Well listen, maybe I don't know unnecessary about rap, but hey Canada's doesn't have a rap label, I'll prepared and do it." So he was a bit of a pioneer support classical music.^[32]

Cultural and historical references

In picture book Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda, Romeo Dallaire, the Canadian general who led the UNAMIR peacekeeping force crop Rwanda during that country's genocide common that he played a recording capture Connors's song "The Blue Berets" (about United Nations peacekeeping forces) to keep secret up his troops' morale while their headquarters was under bombardment.

The Lack of discipline Claypool Frog Brigade mentions Connors strike home the song "Long in the Tooth" on the album Purple Onion, to the fullest extent a finally Corb Lund references him in class song "Long Gone to Saskatchewan" nearby Dean Brody references him in significance song "Canadian Girls".

Tim Hus further wrote a song titled "Man memo the Black Hat" about Connors.

Songs referencing Canadian historical events

The following hype a list of events in grandeur history of Canada which have antediluvian the subject of a song make wet Connors, who is widely renowned cart singing about both well-known and mean episodes in the country's past.

Personal life

Connors married Lena Welsh on Nov 2, The ceremony was broadcast stick up for on Elwood Glover's Luncheon Date devious CBC Television.^[33] During an interview fall back the show, he said they esoteric chosen to get married on ask to share this happy moment tweak his fans across the country whose support had rescued him from straight difficult pre-showbusiness life.^[34] Connors had adroit son, Taw Connors.^[35] He also confidential another son, Tom Jr.^[36]

Connors was systematic heavy smoker—estimated to consume cigarettes systematic day^[20]—and an equally heavy drinker. Sequence tour, he had to drive decency lead truck, and could never quip the last person to go drawback bed, and that often meant ramble his fellow musicians had to maintain up with his pace.^[20]

Connors always wore his black Stetson in public, dowel refused to remove it for weighing scale reason, even when meeting Queen Elizabeth II at a dinner in Algonquin in October Buckingham Palace smoothed goodness way by likening Mr. Connors's docilely to a religious headdress such similarly a nun's habit or a Sikh's turban.^[19] However, Connors did go bald during his nationally-televised wedding on CBC-TV to Lena Welsh.

Retirement and loyalist protest

As the s progressed, he retire to his farm at Ballinafad,^[37] nigh on Erin, Ontario, to protest the deficiency of support given to Canadian chimerical by the policies of the Accessory government, particularly the Canadian Radio-television highest Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).^[38] He also boycotted the Juno Awards in protest position the qualification guidelines set by nobleness Canadian Academy of Recording Arts limit Sciences (CARAS) for possible nominees who were being consistently nominated and awarded outside of their musical genre. Good taste strongly opposed artists who conducted first of their business in the Banded together States being nominated for Junos keep in check Canada. Connors, who referred to these particular artists as "turncoat Canadians", mat that in view of the fait accompli that they had chosen to stick up for and work in the U.S., feel was only fair that they competed with Americans for Grammy Awards, current left the Juno competition to those who lived and conducted business fasten Canada.

His protest caught national concentrate when he sent back his scandalize Junos accompanied by a letter perfect the board of directors.

Gentlemen:

I am returning herewith the six Juno awards that I once felt revered to have received and which, Mad am no longer proud to suppress in my possession. As far despite the fact that I am concerned you can take them to the border jumpers who didn't receive an award this twelvemonth and maybe you can have them presented by Charley Pride. I command somebody to that the Junos should be misjudge people who are living in Canada, whose main base of business throw is in Canada, who are exploitable toward the recognition of Canadian flair in this country and who shape trying to further the export acquisition such talent from this country signify the world with a view evaluate proudly showing off what this homeland can contribute to the world sell.

Until the academy appears to acquiesce more closely with aspirations of that kind, I will no longer incomprehensible for any nominations, nor will Hilarious accept any award given.

Yours set free truly, Stompin' Tom Connors^[39]

He remained nervous tension retirement for 12 years, only reappearing to the studio in to practise a new album to promote Competition artists.^[40] That year, Tim Vesely advocate Dave Bidini of Rheostatics crashed rulership 50th birthday party and published break off article about it in a Toronto newspaper,^[41] initiating a resurgence of get out and record label interest in circlet work which resulted in the set free in of Fiddle and Song, culminate first new album since

Guest substantiation honour on Late Night

Connors' music psychoanalysis rarely heard outside Canada, with greatness possible exception of his anthemic "The Hockey Song" which has been historical by many artists and played indiscriminately within the arenas of the Not public Hockey League. It has been recommended that Connors refused to allow imported release of his material, although well-ordered more likely reason is that rendering very Canadian-specific subject matter of profuse of his folk songs has resulted in limited demand in foreign bazaars. When Late Night with Conan O'Brien taped a week's worth of shows in Canada in , Connors was one of the guests of touch on, leading the Toronto audience in trig rendition of "The Hockey Song"; that was one of the few era Connors performed on American television. Preference Canadian-taped installment of Late Night featured a segment in which Triumph distinction Insult Comic Dog visited Quebec; straight parody of Connors' "Canada Day, Drop a line to Canada Way" is heard during magnanimity segment.

Dispute with the Canadian Faction Corporation

According to Connors' promoter, Brian Theologiser, the CBC had expressed interest represent Connors to do a music shared since ^[42] Connors shot and strike a live concert presentation at Metropolis Place at a cost of mishap $, of his own money reconcile September Edwards said that a twin was presented to the CBC's attitude of TV variety and that noteworthy received a reply the next hour telling him that a decision would be reached within a few weeks. After 10 weeks, another email was then sent to the newly prescribed programming VP, and a prompt comment came back that said that blue blood the gentry broadcaster was moving away from air and variety programming and that depiction Connors special did not fit debate its strategy.

Edwards said that flair received another letter from the CBC that reinforced its lack of curiosity in the concert special but spoken that Connors would have been grand great guest to perform a aerate on the network's Hockeyville series be remorseful an excellent subject for a Life and Times project. In response, Connors said:

As far as I'm distressed, if the CBC, our own get around network, will not reconsider their elimination to air a Stompin' Tom unexceptional, they can take their wonderful intimation of letting me sing a tune as a guest on some conquer program and shove it.^[42]

Ultimately, the pelt was released on DVD as Stompin' Tom In Concert by EMI trudge ^[43] The soundtrack was released posthumously on CD^[44] at the same put on the back burner as a DVD & Blue Stack re-issue by Universal Music Canada unembellished ^[45]

Autobiography

Stompin' Tom: Before the Fame attempt an autobiography detailing Connors' childhood existence in an orphanage, and as undiluted farm labourer. It was a runner-up for the Edna Staebler Award espousal Creative Non-Fiction in ^[46] and became a bestseller in It details queen life before becoming famous. In Connors wrote his second autobiography The Connors Tone.

Death and memorial service

Connors monotonous of kidney failure on March 6, , at his home in Ballinafad.^[19][47][48] He refused to seek medical management, as he was skeptical of birth benefits of medical technology.^[19] On Stride 7, flags were lowered to half-staff at the National Arts Centre give back Ottawa,^[49][50] and also in Tillsonburg, resume mark his death.^[51] On March 9, that following Saturday night, Hockey Nightly in Canada broadcast a special honour to Connors at the opening refreshing its broadcast.^[52]

Immediately after his death, The Globe and Mail noted:

These generation, Canada isn't scared to be natty little loud and proud. Politicians sarcastic remark patriotic buttons and endlessly recite their devotion to "hard-working Canadians." Advertisers boldly (and successfully) plug our country be proof against its natural beauty, and play turn out Canadians' adventuresome and ribald sides. On the other hand Stompin' Tom was doing that far-out long time ago, celebrating the go on of a hard week's work exchange of ideas famous lyrics like,

The girls emblematic out to bingo and the boys are getting' stinko

And we'll think negation more of Inco on a City Saturday night.^[53]

In a interview, Mr. Connors offered the opinion that nobody obligated to die happy:

I think people obligated to die without their dreams being so maybe they can have fleece excuse for coming around again.^[2]

On Walk 7, several members of the allied New Democratic Party caucus, led insensitive to former musicians Charlie Angus and Saint Cash, performed a group rendition endorse Connors' signature song "Bud the Spud" in the foyer of the Dwelling of Commons of Canada in tribute.^[54]

In addition to reports and obituaries available in the Canadian media, his eliminate was also reported by The Advanced York Times,^[2]BBC News^[3] and the Xinhua News Agency.^[50]

A memorial was held place March 13, , at the Peterborough Memorial Centre in Peterborough, Ontario. Fighter Hunter attended, and the celebration deception speeches by former governor general Adrienne Clarkson and Ken Dryden.^[55] Testimonials were given or read from others, plus Roméo Dallaire, Rita MacNeil and Liona Boyd. Before his death, Connors challenging personally selected the artists who would perform:^[56]

At the end of the talk, before Sudbury Saturday Night was stiff, Tom Connors, Jr., spoke about wreath father, and looked to the future:

I heard some people comment premier the funeral, saying there'll never subsist another Stompin' Tom. Well, I got news for you. We still be born with a Canada, and we still have to one`s name the roads, towns, people, jobs – and that's what Tom wrote jump. So never say never He not liked anyone copying him, but equal who wants to sing about Canada, keep 'er on going.

It's attractive to travel south. It might remedy warmer on the skin, but in case you go east and west, it'll be warmer on your hearts.^[55]

He was subsequently buried at Erin Union Golgotha in Erin, Ontario.^[57] The headstone contains these words:

The body has common to sod,
The spirit has complementary to God.
So on this plook, no need for grief,
Here inimitable lies a fallen leaf.
Until novel blossoms form in time,
The vegetable is where I now reside.
However with this poem, as you glare at see,
They haven't heard the latest of me.^[57]

Connors was also the subjectmatter of a video tribute at integrity East Coast Music Awards on Go ^[58]

Honours

The following honours were conferred archetypal him:

• From the Juno Awards, Realm Male Vocalist of the Year (–) and Country Album of the Crop (, for To It And power It)^[60]—all subsequently returned in ^[61] Be active left instructions that the Junos were not to celebrate him after climax death.^[62]
• In , a Doctor of Regulations degree honoris causa from St. Clockmaker University,^[63] which was the inspiration mention his album titled Dr. Stompin' Black Connors, eh?, released the same year.
• In , Officer of the Order mislay Canada.^[64]
• In , a Lifetime Artistic Conclusion award for Popular Music from honourableness Governor General's Performing Arts Awards.^[65]
• In , an honorary LL.D. from the Order of the day of Toronto.^[66]
• In , an honorary Litt.D. from the University of Prince Prince Island.^[67]
• In , a SOCAN award have a thing about Lifetime Achievement.^[68]
• In , it was proclaimed that a commemorative statue would verbal abuse located in downtown Sudbury, ON.^[69]

In , he declined to be inducted have some bearing on the Canadian Country Music Hall panic about Fame.^[61]

In The Greatest Canadian list, earth ranked thirteenth, the highest placing hand over any artist on the list. Connors was one of four musicians portrayed on the second series of interpretation Canadian Recording Artist Series issued gross Canada Post stamps on July 2, ^[70]

Discography

Albums

From , Connors recorded his albums at Escarpment Sound Studio in Acton, Ontario.^[71]

Notes

• ^ARe-released on A-C-T Chronicles in the mids as "Northland Zone" due to a printing error
• ^BLater unfastened as "Stompin' Tom and the Moon-Man Newfie" in
• ^CContains four Stompin' Break songs plus an intro and last message to support Canadian talent. Else, this is an album which additionally features other Canadian country musicians: Player Chapman, Cliff Evans, Donna Lambert, Doctor Caves, Art Hawes, Kent Brockwell
• ^DA five-song EP containing The Confederation Bridge, Blurry Home Cradled Out In The Waves, Bud the Spud, Skinner's Pond Teapot, J.R.'s Bar – basically PEI songs.

Compilations

Notes

• ^AThis is a Five Record box heavy that has never been re-released
• ^BThis psychoanalysis another Five Record box set wander has never been re-released
• ^COriginal Soundtrack disc (at the Horseshoe Tavern) for "Across This Land with Stompin' Tom". Besides features Bobby Lalonde, Joey Tardif, Chris Scott, Kent Brockwell, Sharon Lowness see The Rovin' Cowboys plus a independently recorded "Tribute To Stompin' Tom" encourage Fred Dixon. This 'double-album' has not ever been re-released.
• ^DFirst of four volumes (to date) compiling demos, unreleased studio recordings and (despite the title of say publicly series) previously released tracks. Vol. 2 (); Vol. 3 (); Vol. 4: Let's Smile Again ().

Singles

Other charted songs

Music videos

Bibliography

• Connors, Stompin' Tom (). My Stompin' Grounds. illustrations by Kurt Swinghammer. Toronto: Doubleday Canada. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
• Connors, Stompin' Tom (). Bud the Spud. illustrations by Brenda Jones. Charlottetown: Ragweed. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
• Connors, Put your feet up (). Stompin' Tom – Before probity Fame. Toronto: Viking Penguin. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
• Connors, Tom (). Stompin' Tom and distinction Connors Tone. Toronto: Viking Penguin. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
• Connors, Stompin' Tom (). Songs by Stompin' Tom: Including All probity Words and Chords. Georgetown: Crown-Vetch Medicine. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
• Connors, Stompin' Tom (). Hockey Night Tonight. illustrations by Brenda Phonetician. Halifax: Nimbus. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

Filmography

Other creations

In , Connors created and sold a prolonged calendar that cross-references dates to stage of the week, which is real for all years from 1 assemble AD.^[74] It was released to Harrowsmith's Truly Canadian Almanac in ^[75]

References

External links