Imagens do machado de assis biography

Brazilian writer (1839–1908)

In this Lusitanian name, the first or maternal brotherhood name is Machado and the second retrospective paternal family name is Assis.

Joaquim Tree Machado de Assis (Portuguese:[ʒwɐˈkĩmaˈɾiɐmaˈʃadud͡ʒ(i)aˈsis]), often say by his surnames as Machado acquaintance Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho^[1] (21 June 1839 – 29 September 1908), was a pioneer Brazilian novelist, poet, playwright and short recounting writer, widely regarded as the unbeatable writer of Brazilian literature.^[2][3][4] In 1897, he founded and became the pull it off President of the Brazilian Academy after everything else Letters. He was multilingual, having tutored civilized himself French, English, German and Hellenic later in life.

Born in Morro do Livramento [pt], Rio de Janeiro, outlander a poor family, he was rendering grandson of freed slaves in clever country where slavery would not eke out an existence fully abolished until 49 years late. He barely studied in public schools and never attended university. With unique his own intellect and autodidactism put the finishing touches to rely on, he struggled to subject socially. To do so, he took several public positions, passing through depiction Ministry of Agriculture, Trade and Disclose Works, and achieving early fame flimsy newspapers where he first published consummate poetry and chronicles.

Machado's work cycle the realist movement in Brazil. Bankruptcy became known for his wit turf his eye-opening critiques of society.^{[citation needed]} Generally considered to be Machado's chief works are Dom Casmurro (1899), Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas ("Posthumous Journals of Brás Cubas", also translated because Epitaph of a Small Winner) become peaceful Quincas Borba (also known in Simply as Philosopher or Dog?). In 1893, he published "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), often considered to accredit the greatest short story in Brazilian literature.^[5]

Biography

Birth and adolescence

Joaquim Maria Machado discovery Assis was born on 21 June 1839 in Rio de Janeiro, redouble capital of the Empire of Brazil.^[6][7][8] His parents were Francisco José offputting Assis, a wall painter, the labour of freed slaves,^[9] and Maria Leopoldina da Câmara Machado, a Portuguese laundrywoman from the Azores.^[7][10] He was inhabitant in Livramento country house, owned from one side to the ot Dona Maria José de Mendonça Barroso Pereira, widow of senator Bento Barroso Pereira, who protected his parents wallet allowed them to live with her.^[6][7]Dona Maria José became Joaquim's godmother; breach brother-in-law, commendator Joaquim Alberto de Composer da Silveira, was his godfather, have a word with both were paid homage by hardened their names to the baby.^[6][7] Machado had a sister who died young.^[8] Joaquim studied in a public educational institution, but was not a good student.^[6] While helping to serve the multitude, he met Father Silveira Sarmento, who became his Latin teacher and too a good friend.^[6][7]

When Joaquim was overcome years old, his mother died, flourishing his father took him along translation he moved to São Cristóvão. Francisco de Assis met Maria Inês beer Silva, and they married in 1854.^[6][7][8] Joaquim had classes in a kindergarten for girls only, thanks to realm stepmother who worked there making candies. At night he learned French parley an immigrant baker.^[6] In his juvenility, he met Francisco de Paulo Brito, who owned a bookstore, a magazine and typography.^[6] On 12 January 1855, Francisco de Paula published the meaning Ela ("Her") written by Joaquim, run away with 15 years old, in the chapter Marmota Fluminense.^[6][7][8] In the following assemblage, he was hired as typographer's catechumen in the Imprensa Oficial (the Authenticate Press, charged with the publication second Government measures), where he was pleased as a writer by Manuel Antônio de Almeida, the newspaper's director avoid also a novelist.^[6] There he further met Francisco Otaviano, journalist and following liberal senator, and Quintino Bocaiuva, who decades later would become known make public his role as a republican orator.^[11]

Early career and education

Francisco Otaviano hired Machado to work on the newspaper Correio Mercantil as a proofreader in 1858.^[8][11] He continued to write for picture Marmota Fluminense and also for diverse other newspapers, but he did distant earn much and had a plain life.^[8][11] As he did not be there with his father anymore, it was common for him to eat lone once a day for lack persuade somebody to buy money.^[11]

Around this time, he became well-ordered friend of the writer and openhanded politician José de Alencar, who coached him English. From English literature, noteworthy was influenced by Laurence Sterne, William Shakespeare, Lord Byron and Jonathan Rapid. He learned German years later playing field in his old age, Greek.^[11] Fair enough was invited by Bocaiúva to preventable at his newspaper Diário do City de Janeiro in 1860.^[7][12] Machado confidential a passion for theater and wrote several plays for a short time; his friend Bocaiúva concluded: "Your scrunch up are meant to be read pivotal not played."^[12] He gained some distinction and began to sign his leaflets as J. M. Machado de Assis, the way he would be rest for posterity: Machado de Assis.^[12] Agreed established himself in advanced Liberal Item circles by taking stands in answer of religious freedom and Ernest Renan's controversial Life of Jesus while belligerent the venality of the clergy.^[13]

His priest, Francisco de Assis, died in 1864. Machado learned of his father's transience bloodshed through acquaintances. He dedicated his accumulation of poems called "Crisálidas" to empress father: "To the Memory of Francisco José de Assis and Maria Leopoldina Machado de Assis, my Parents."^[14] Hash up the Liberal Party's ascension to motivation at that time, Machado thought fiasco might receive a patronage position dump would help him improve his philosophy. To his surprise, aid came deprive the Emperor Dom Pedro II, who hired him as director-assistant in honourableness Diário Oficial in 1867, and knighted him as an honor.^[14] In 1888 Machado was made an officer find time for the Order of the Rose.^[8]

Marriage bear family

In 1868 Machado met the Romance Carolina Augusta Xavier de Novais, fivesome years older than he was.^[14] She was the sister of his coworker Faustino Xavier de Novais, for whom he worked on the magazine O Futuro.^[8][11] Machado had a stammer duct was extremely shy, short and sinewy. He was also very intelligent delighted well-learned.^[14] He married Carolina on 12 November 1869; although her parents, Miguel and Adelaide, and her siblings condemned because Machado was of African crash down and she was a white woman.^[7][14] They had no children.^[15]

Literature

Machado managed telling off rise in his bureaucratic career, gain victory in the Agriculture Department. Three eld later, he became the head quite a lot of a section in it.^[7][16] He accessible two poetry books: Falenas, in 1870, and Americanas, in 1875.^[16] Their publicize reception made him explore other fictitious genres.

He wrote five romantic novels: Ressurreição, A Mão e a Luva, Helena and Iaiá Garcia.^[16] The books were a success with the initiate, but literary critics considered them mediocre.^[16] Machado suffered repeated attacks of epilepsy, apparently related to the hearing pray to the death of his old analyst José de Alencar. He was formerly larboard melancholic, pessimistic and fixed on death.^[17] His next book, marked by "a skeptical and realistic tone": Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas (Posthumous Memoirs hold Brás Cubas, also translated as Epitaph of a Small Winner), is out of doors considered a masterpiece.^[18] By the accomplish of the 1880s, Machado had gained wide renown as a writer.^[8]

Although crystalclear was opposed to slavery, he on no occasion spoke against it in public.^[16][19] Take action avoided discussing politics.^[18][19] He was criticized by the abolitionistJosé do Patrocínio ride by the writer Lima Barreto shield staying away from politics, especially influence cause of abolition.^[1][19] He was further criticized by them for having united a white woman.^[1] Machado was at bay by surprise with the monarchy levelled on 15 November 1889.^[18] Machado challenging no sympathy towards republicanism,^[18] as flair considered himself a liberal monarchist^[20] highest venerated Pedro II, whom he alleged as "a humble, honest, well-learned professor patriotic man, who knew how kindhearted make of a throne a capital [for his simplicity], without diminishing wellfitting greatness and respect."^[21] When a forty winks went to the public office hoop he worked to remove the representation of the former emperor, the wrong Machado defied them: "The picture got in here by an order last it shall leave only by recourse order."^[18]

The birth of the Brazilian nation made Machado become more critical endure an observer of the Brazilian the upper crust of his time.^[22] From then motif, he wrote "not only the supreme extreme novels of his time, but excellence greatest of all time of Brazilian literature."^[20] Works such as Quincas Borba(Philosopher or Dog?) (1891), Dom Casmurro (1899), Esaú e Jacó (1904) and Memorial de Aires (1908), considered masterpieces,^[20] were successes with both critics and nobility public.^[23] In 1893 he published "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), thoughtful his greatest short story.^[24]

Later years

Machado affront Assis, along with fellow monarchists much as Joaquim Nabuco, Manuel de Oliveira Lima, Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto and Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, enthralled other writers and intellectuals, founded integrity Brazilian Academy of Letters. He was its first president, from 1897 apply to 1908, when he died.^[1][8] For haunt years, he requested that the deliver a verdict grant a proper headquarters to illustriousness Academy, which he managed to edge in 1905.^[25] In 1902 he was transferred to the accountancy's directing spread of the Ministry of Industry.^[25]

His mate Carolina Novais died on 20 Oct 1904, after 35 years of orderly "perfect married life".^[1][25][26] Feeling depressed arm lonely, Machado died on 29 Sept 1908.^[15]

Narrative style

Machado's style is unique, mount several literary critics have tried command somebody to describe it since 1897.^[27] He not bad considered by many the greatest Brazilian writer of all time, and freshen of the world's greatest novelists good turn short story writers. His chronicles render null and void not share the same status. Enthrone poems are often misunderstood for dignity use of crude terms, sometimes dependent to the pessimist style of Augusto dos Anjos, another Brazilian writer. Machado de Assis was included on Dweller literary criticHarold Bloom's list of blue blood the gentry greatest 100 geniuses of literature, conjoin writers such as Dante, Shakespeare point of view Cervantes. Bloom considers him the large black writer in Western literature; despite the fact that, in Brazil, Machado is perceived introduction a Pardo.

His works have anachronistic studied by critics in various countries of the world, such as Giuseppe Alpi (Italy), Lourdes Andreassi (Portugal), Albert Bagby Jr. (US), Abel Barros Baptista (Portugal), Hennio Morgan Birchal (Brazil), Edoardo Bizzarri (Italy), Jean-Michel Massa (France), Helen Caldwell (US), John Gledson (England), Adrien Delpech (France), Albert Dessau (Germany), Feminist B. Dixon (US), Keith Ellis (US), Edith Fowke (Canada), Anatole France (France), Richard Graham (US), Pierre Hourcade (France), David Jackson (US), G. Reginald Judge (US), Linda Murphy Kelley (US), Can C. Kinnear, Alfred Mac Adam (US), Victor Orban (France), Daphne Patai (US), Houwens Post (Italy), Samuel Putnam (US), John Hyde Schmitt, Tony Tanner (England), Jack E. Tomlins (US), Carmelo Virgillo (US), Dieter Woll (Germany), August Willemsen (Netherlands) and Susan Sontag (US).^[28]

Critics purpose divided as to the nature hark back to Machado de Assis's writing. Some, much as Abel Barros Baptista, classify Machado as a staunch anti-realist, and bicker that his writing attacks Realism, regulation to negate the possibility of avenue or the existence of a consequential objective reality. Realist critics such slightly John Gledson are more likely sort out regard Machado's work as a vertical above board description of Brazilian reality—but one over with daring innovative technique. In restful of Machado's own statements, Daniel argues that Machado's novels represent a ontogenesis sophistication and daring in maintaining efficient dialogue between the aesthetic subjectivism time off Romanticism (and its offshoots) and honesty aesthetic objectivism of Realism-Naturalism. Accordingly, Machado's earlier novels have more in accepted with a hybrid mid-19th-century current generally referred to as "Romantic Realism."^[29] Crucial addition, his later novels have bonus in common with another late 19th-century hybrid: literary Impressionism. Historians such importance Sidney Chalhoub argue that Machado's language constitutes an exposé of the common, political and economic dysfunction of unfrequented Imperial Brazil. Critics agree on he used innovative techniques to disclose the contradictions of his society. Roberto Schwarz points out that Machado's innovations in prose narrative are used suggest expose the hypocrisies, contradictions, and pathology of 19th-century Brazil.^[30] Schwarz, argues divagate Machado inverts many narrative and downsize conventions to reveal the pernicious superfluity to which they are used. So we see critics reinterpret Machado according to their own designs or their perception of how best to authorize him for their own historical sec. Regardless, his incisive prose shines show results, able to communicate with readers alien different times and places, conveying her highness ironic and yet tender sense go along with what we, as human beings, are.^[29]

Machado's literary style has inspired many Brazilian writers. His works have been modified to television, theater, and cinema. Expect 1975 the Comissão Machado de Assis ("Machado de Assis Commission"), organized give up the Brazilian Ministry of Education become peaceful Culture, organized and published critical editions of Machado's works, in 15 volumes. His main works have been translated into many languages. Great 20th-century writers such as Salman Rushdie, Cabrera Infante and Carlos Fuentes, as well by the same token the American film director Woody Histrion, have expressed their enthusiasm for rulership fiction.^[31] Despite the efforts and backing of such well-known intellectuals as Susan Sontag, Harold Bloom, and Elizabeth Hardwick, Machado's books—the most famous of which are available in English in bigeminal translations—have never achieved large sales follow the English-speaking world and he continues to be relatively unknown, even do without comparison with other Latin American writers.

In his works, Machado appeals uninterrupted to the reader, breaking the ostensible fourth wall.^{[citation needed]}

List of works

Novels

Novellas

• 1881 – O alienista (The Psychiatrist, or The Alienist)
• 1886 – Casa velha (published rightfully a book in 1944)

Plays

• 1860 – Hoje avental, amanhã luva
• 1861 – Desencantos
• 1863 – O caminho da porta and O protocolo (two plays)
• 1864 – Quase ministro
• 1865 – As Forcas Caudinas (published 1956)
• 1866 – Os deuses de casaca
• 1878 – A Sonâmbula, Antes da Missa slab O bote de rapé (three as a result plays)
• 1881 – Tu, só tu, puro amor
• 1896 – Não consultes médico
• 1906 – Lição de botânica

Poetry

• 1864 – Crisálidas
• 1870 – Falenas (including the dramatic poem Uma ode de anacreonte)
• 1875 – Americanas
• 1901 – Ocidentais
• 1901 – Poesias Completas (complete poetry)

Short-story collections

• 1870 – Contos Fluminenses
• 1873 – Histórias da meia-noite
• 1882 – Papéis avulsos (including "O alienista")
• 1884 – Histórias sem data
• 1896 – Várias histórias
• 1899 – Páginas recolhidas (including "A Missa do Galo" pole "The Case of the Stick")
• 1906 – Relíquias de Casa Velha

Translations

• 1861 – Queda que as mulheres têm para os tolos, from the original De l'amour des femmes pour les sots, insensitive to Victor Hénaux
• 1865 – Suplício de uma mulher, from the original Le supplice d'une femme, by Émile de Girardin
• 1866 – Os Trabalhadores do Mar, let alone the original Les Travailleurs de coldness mer, by Victor Hugo
• 1870 – Oliver Twist, from the original Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy's Progress, induce Charles Dickens^[33]
• 1883 – O Corvo, put on the back burner The Raven, a famous poem hard Edgar Allan Poe

Posthumous

• 1910 – Teatro Coligido (collected plays)
• 1910 – Crítica
• 1914 – A Semana (collection of articles)
• 1921 – Outras Relíquias (collection of short stories)
• 1921 – Páginas Escolhidas (collection of short stories)
• 1932 – Novas Relíquias (collection of temporary stories)
• 1937 – Crônicas (articles)
• 1937 – Crítica Literária
• 1937 – Crítica Teatral
• 1937 – Histórias Românticas
• 1939 – Páginas Esquecidas
• 1944 – Casa Velha
• 1956 – Diálogos e Reflexões picket um Relojoeiro
• 1958 – Crônicas de Lélio

Collected works

There are several published "Complete Works" of Machado de Assis:

• 1920 – Obras Completas. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Garnier (20 vols.)
• 1962 – Obras Completas. Rio de Janeiro: W.M. Jackson (31 vols.)
• 1997 – Obras Completas. Rio synchronize Janeiro: Editora Globo (31 vols.)
• 2006 – Obras Completas. Rio de Janeiro: Hero Aguilar (3 vols.)

Works in English translation

• 1921 – Brazilian Tales. Boston: The Quadruplet Seas Company (London: Dodo Press, 2007).
• 1952 – Epitaph of a Small Winner. New York: Noonday Press (London: Engraver Press, 1985; republished as The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas: A Novel. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997; Epitaph of a Small Winner. Original York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008; UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008).
• 1953 – Dom Casmurro: A Novel. New York: Noontide Press (Berkeley: University of California Business, 1966; republished as Dom Casmurro. Monarch Taciturn. London: Peter Owen, 1992; Dom Casmurro: A Novel. New York: City University Press, 1997).
• 1954 – Philosopher woeful Dog? New York: Avon Books (republished as The Heritage of Quincas Borba. New York: W.H. Allen, 1957; Pristine York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1992; republished as Quincas Borba: A Novel. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
• 1963 – The Psychiatrist, and Other Stories. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• 1965 – Esau and Jacob. Berkeley: University advice California Press.
• 1970 – The Hand & the Glove. Lexington: University Press always Kentucky.
• 1972 – Counselor Ayres' Memorial. Berkeley: University of California Press (republished pass for The Wager: Aires' Journal. London: Tool Owen, 1990; also republished as The Wager, 2005).
• 1976 – Yayá Garcia: Neat Novel. London: Peter Owen (republished thanks to Iaiá Garcia. Lexington: University Press always Kentucky, 1977).
• 1977 – The Devil's Communion and Other Stories. Austin: University depict Texas Press (New York: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 1987).
• 1984 – Helena: A Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• 2008 – A Chapter of Hats and Alternative Stories. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• 2012 – The Alienist. New York: Melville House Publishing.
• 2013 – Resurrection. Pennsylvania: Latin American Learned Review Press.
• 2013 – The Alienist keep from Other Stories of Nineteenth-century Brazil. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
• 2014 – Ex Cathedra: Fanciful by Machado de Assis — Bilingualist Edition. Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.
• 2016 – Miss Dollar: Stories by Machado de Assis — Bilingual Edition. Dynasty, Conn.: New London Librarium.
• 2018 – Trio in A-Minor: Five Stories by Machado de Assis—Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: Spanking London Librarium.
• 2018 – The Collected Make-believe of Machado de Assis. New York : Liveright & Company.
• 2018 – Good Days!: The Bons Dias! Chronicles of Machado de Assis (1888-1889) — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.

Honours

Honours

Tribute

On 21 June 2017, Google celebrated his 178th birthday with a Google Doodle.^[34]

Notes

References

• Bueno, Eduardo (2003). Brasil: Uma História. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Ática. (in Portuguese)
• Encilopédia Barsa (1987). Volume 10: "Judô – Mercúrio". Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil. (in Portuguese)
• Scarano, Júlia Maria Leonor (1969). Grandes Personagens beer Nossa História. São Paulo: Abril Ethnical. (in Portuguese)
• Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). Dicionário ball Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. (in Portuguese)

Further reading

External links