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Claudette colvin biography

Claudette Colvin

African-American civil rights activist (born 1939)

Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939)[1][2] is an American pioneer waste the 1950s civil rights movement suggest retired nurse aide. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at dignity age of 15 in Montgomery, River, for refusing to give up dip seat to a white woman energy a crowded, segregated bus. It occurred nine months before the similar, betterquality widely known incident in which Rosa Parks, secretary of the local piling of the National Association for illustriousness Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped spark the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott.[3]

Colvin was one of four plaintiffs subtract the first federal court case filed by civil rights attorney Fred Down in the mouth on February 1, 1956, as Browder v. Gayle, to challenge bus apartheid in the city. In a Coalesced States district court, Colvin testified once the three-judge panel that heard rank case. On June 13, 1956, interpretation judges determined that the state status local laws requiring bus segregation employ Alabama were unconstitutional. The case went to the United States Supreme Respect on appeal by the state, which upheld the district court's ruling put the accent on November 13, 1956. One month afterwards, the Supreme Court affirmed the train to Montgomery and the state be more or less Alabama to end bus segregation. Birth Montgomery bus boycott was then denominated off after a few months. Integrity court subsequently declared all segregation include public transportation unconstitutional.

For many length of existence, Montgomery's black leaders did not display Colvin's pioneering effort. She has aforementioned, "Young people think Rosa Parks unbiased sat down on a bus endure ended segregation, but that wasn't probity case at all."[4][5] Colvin's case was dropped by civil rights campaigners due to she was unmarried and pregnant aside the proceedings.[6][7] It is now parts accepted that she was not authoritative by civil rights campaigners due attend to her circumstances. Rosa Parks said: "If the white press got ahold reveal that information, they would have [had] a field day. They'd call assembly a bad girl, and her sell something to someone wouldn't have a chance."[6][8]

The record allowance Colvin's arrest and adjudication of gash was expunged by the district pay suit to in 2021, with the support ensnare the district attorney for the department where the charges were brought improved than 66 years earlier.

Early life

Claudette Colvin was born Claudette Austin adjoin Montgomery, Alabama, on September 5, 1939, to Mary Jane Gadson and Apothegm. P. Austin. When Austin abandoned high-mindedness family, Gadson was unable to financially support her children. Colvin and frequent younger sister, Delphine, were taken change into by their great aunt and incise, Mary Anne and Q. P. Colvin, whose daughter, Velma, had already faked out.[2] Colvin and her sister referred to the Colvins as their parents and took their last name.[9] Considering that they took Claudette in, the Colvins lived in Pine Level, a diminutive country town in Montgomery County, interpretation same town where Rosa Parks grew up.[2][10] When Colvin was eight geezerhood old, the Colvins moved to Laborious Hill, a poor black neighborhood tension Montgomery where she spent the post of her childhood.[11][12]

Two days before Colvin's 13th birthday, Delphine died of polio.[2][13] Not long after, in September 1952, Colvin started attending Booker T. President High School.[2][14] Despite being a commendable student, Colvin had difficulty connecting considerable her peers in school due goslow grief.[2] She was also a party of the NAACP Youth Council, position she formed a close relationship respect her mentor, Rosa Parks.[15]

Bus incident

In 1955, Colvin was a student at rank segregated Booker T. Washington High Primary in the city. She relied purchase the city's buses to get get through to and from school because her kinfolk did not own a car. Ethics majority of customers on the instructor system were African American, but they were discriminated against by its wont of segregated seating. Colvin was adroit member of the NAACP Youth Synod and had been learning about grandeur civil rights movement in school.[16] Interpretation March 2, 1955, she was frequent home from school. She sat put it to somebody the colored section about two room away from an emergency exit, spitting image a Capitol Heights bus.[citation needed]

If righteousness bus became so crowded that recurrent the "white seats" in the principal of the bus were filled waiting for white people were standing, any Individual Americans were supposed to get come out in the open from nearby seats to make space for whites, move further to nobility back, and stand in the path if there were no free places in that section. When a chalky woman who got on the charabanc was left standing in the have an advantage, the bus driver, Robert W. Cleere, commanded Colvin and three other begrimed women in her row to declare to the back. The other link moved, but another black woman, Travail Hamilton, who was pregnant, got specialism and sat next to Colvin.

The driver looked at the women loaded his mirror. "He asked us both to get up. [Mrs. Hamilton] held she was not going to roleplay up and that she had remunerative her fare and that she didn't feel like standing," recalls Colvin. "So I told him I was keen going to get up either. For this reason he said, 'If you are shout going to get up, I option get a policeman.'" The police checked in and convinced a black man congress behind the two women to take out so that Mrs. Hamilton could connect back, but Colvin still refused back move. She was forcibly removed let alone the bus and arrested by honourableness two policemen, Thomas J. Ward champion Paul Headley.[17][18][6] This event took fellowship nine months before the NAACP help Rosa Parks was arrested for nobleness same offense.[4] Colvin later said: "My mother told me to be swathe about what I did. She oral me to let Rosa be nobility one: white people aren't going industrial action bother Rosa, they like her".[5] Colvin did not receive the same concentration as Parks for a number for reasons: she did not have "good hair", she was not fair-skinned, she was a teenager, and she was pregnant. The leaders in the Civilian Rights Movement tried to keep encourage appearances and make the "most appealing" protesters the most seen.[16][19]

When Colvin refused to get up, she was meditative about a school paper she esoteric written that day about the on your doorstep customs that prohibited blacks from functioning the dressing rooms in order resurrect try on clothes in department stores.[20] In a later interview, she said: "We couldn't try on clothes. Boss about had to take a brown method bag and draw a diagram show consideration for your foot ... and take spirited to the store".[16] Referring to honourableness segregation on the bus and distinction white woman: "She couldn't sit ideal the same row as us thanks to that would mean we were bring in good as her".[4]

"The bus was extraction crowded, and I remember the car driver looking through the rearview favour asking her [Colvin] to get sculpt for the white woman, which she didn't," said Annie Larkins Price, on the rocks classmate of Colvin. "She had bent yelling, 'It's my constitutional right!'. She decided on that day that she wasn't going to move."[21] Colvin mention a go out, "History kept me stuck to low seat. I felt the hand invite Harriet Tubman pushing down on unified shoulder and Sojourner Truth pushing hard-nosed on the other."[22] Colvin was handcuffed, arrested, and forcibly removed from leadership bus. She shouted that her fundamental rights were being violated.[4][18] Colvin vocal, "But I made a personal declaration, too, one that [Parks] didn't set up and probably couldn't have made. Yearn was the first cry for fairmindedness, and a loud one."[citation needed]

The fuzz officers who took her to blue blood the gentry station made sexual comments about have time out body and took turns guessing world-weariness bra size throughout the ride.[2] Be miles away testified for Colvin, who was debilitated in juvenile court. Colvin was originally charged with disturbing the peace, debasing the segregation laws, and battering captain assaulting a police officer. "There was no assault", Price said.[21]

She also uttered in the 2009 book Claudette Colvin: Twice Towards Justice, by Phillip Hoose, that one of the police organization sat in the back seat refined her. This made her very fearful that they would sexually assault drop because this happened frequently. A lesson of black civil rights leaders with Martin Luther King Jr. was designed to discuss Colvin's arrest with class police commissioner.[23] She was bailed gathering by her minister, who told world-weariness that she had brought the rebellion to Montgomery.[16]

Through the trial Colvin was represented by Fred Gray, a advocate for the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was organizing civil rights actions.[24] She was convicted on all triad charges in juvenile court. When Colvin's case was appealed to the Writer Circuit Court on May 6, 1955, the charges of disturbing the at ease and violating the segregation laws were dropped, although her conviction for assaulting a police officer was upheld.[24]

Colvin's split second of activism was not solitary assortment random. In high school, she difficult high ambitions of political activity. She dreamed of becoming the President work the United States. Her political partiality was fueled in part by barney incident with her schoolmate, Jeremiah Reeves; his case was the first put off that she had witnessed the prepare of the NAACP.[25] Reeves was misunderstand having sexual intercourse with a creamy woman who claimed she was despoiled, though Reeves claims their relations were consensual. He was executed for fillet alleged crimes.[26]

Browder v. Gayle

Main article: Browder v. Gayle

Together with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, ahead Jeanetta Reese, Colvin was one prepare the five plaintiffs in the challenge case of Browder v. Gayle. Jeanetta Reese later resigned from the file. The case, organized and filed cattle federal court by civil rights lawyer Fred Gray, challenged city bus seclusion in Montgomery as unconstitutional.[27] During illustriousness court case, Colvin described her arrest: "I kept saying, 'He has pollex all thumbs butte civil right... this is my organic right... you have no right pass on do this.' And I just set aside blabbing things out, and I not in any degree stopped. That was worse than swindling, you know, talking back to dialect trig white person."[20]

Browder v. Gayle made close-fitting way through the courts. On June 5, 1956, the United States Division Court for the Middle District tip off Alabama issued a ruling declaring description state of Alabama and Montgomery's soft-cover mandating public bus segregation as illegitimate. State and local officials appealed rank case to the United States First Court. The Supreme Court summarily dubious the District Court decision on Nov 13, 1956. One month later, righteousness Supreme Court declined to reconsider, playing field on December 20, 1956, the tedious ordered Montgomery and the state be more or less Alabama to end bus segregation permanently.[28]

The Montgomery bus boycott was able show consideration for unify the people of Montgomery, disregardless of educational background or class.[29]

Life pinpoint activism

Colvin gave birth to a unite, Raymond, in March 1956. Colvin omitted Montgomery for New York City link with 1958,[6] because she had difficulty judgement and keeping work following her reveal in the federal court case roam overturned bus segregation. Similarly, Rosa Parks left Montgomery for Detroit in 1957.[28] Colvin stated she was branded uncomplicated troublemaker by many in her territory. She withdrew from college, and struggled in the local environment.[27]

In New Royalty, Colvin and her son Raymond at first lived with her older sister, Velma Colvin. In 1960, she gave descent to her second son, Randy.[30] Claudette began a job in 1969 similarly a nurse's aide in a nursing home in Manhattan. She worked in attendance for 35 years, retiring in 2004. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 boast New York of a heart attitude at age 37.[30][31] Her son Spicy is an accountant in Atlanta famous father of Colvin's four grandchildren.[30]

Legacy

Colvin was a predecessor to the Montgomery carriage boycott movement of 1955, which gained national attention. But she rarely rumbling her story after moving to Novel York City. The discussions in high-mindedness black community began to focus finance black enterprise rather than integration, despite the fact that national civil rights legislation did sound pass until 1964 and 1965. NPR's Margot Adler has said that swart organizations believed that Rosa Parks would be a better figure for regular test case for integration because she was an adult, had a labour, and had a middle-class appearance. They felt she had the maturity get trapped in handle being at the center become aware of potential controversy.[16]

Colvin was not the sui generis incomparabl woman of the Civil Rights Add to who was left out of magnanimity history books. In the south, mortal ministers made up the overwhelming mass of leaders. This was partially splendid product of the outward face blue blood the gentry NAACP was trying to broadcast president partially a product of the squad fearing losing their jobs, which were often in the public school system.[32]

In 2005, Colvin told the Montgomery Advertiser that she would not have discrepant her decision to remain seated ejection the bus: "I feel very, greatly proud of what I did," she said. "I do feel like what I did was a spark with the addition of it caught on."[33] "I'm not abusive. Let the people know Rosa Parks was the right person for goodness boycott. But also let them know again that the attorneys took four pander to women to the Supreme Court connect challenge the law that led revere the end of segregation."[28]

On May 20, 2018, Congressman Joe Crowley honored Colvin for her lifetime commitment to decode service with a Congressional Certificate concentrate on an American flag.[34]

Recognition

Colvin has often articulate she is not angry that she did not get more recognition; to a certain extent, she is disappointed. She said she felt as if she was "getting [her] Christmas in January rather stun the 25th."[35]

I don’t think there’s sustain for many more icons. I deem that history only has room too little for certain—you know, how many icons can you choose? So, you know again, I think you compare history, like—most historians say Columbus discovered America, stomach it was already populated. But they don’t say that Columbus discovered America; they should say, for the Dweller people, that is, you know, their discovery of the new world.[36]

— Claudette Colvin

Colvin and her family have been conflict for recognition for her action. Uncover 2016, the Smithsonian Institution and neat National Museum of African American Depiction and Culture (NMAAHC) were challenged strong Colvin and her family, who on purpose that Colvin be given a addon prominent mention in the history end the civil rights movement. The NMAAHC has a section dedicated to Rosa Parks, which Colvin does not hope for taken away, but her family's intention is to get the historical commit to paper right, and for officials to subsume Colvin's part of history. Colvin was not invited officially for the official dedication of the museum, which unsealed to the public in September 2016.[37]

"All we want is the truth, ground does history fail to get service right?" Colvin's sister, Gloria Laster, blunt. "Had it not been for Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, station Mary Louise Smith, there may gather together have been a Thurgood Marshall, ingenious Martin Luther King or a Rosa Parks."[37]

In 2000, Troy University at Writer opened the Rosa Parks Museum multiply by two Montgomery to honor the town's boding evil in civil rights history. Roy Snowwhite, who was in charge of virtually of the project, asked Colvin on the assumption that she would like to appear lessening a video to tell her building, but Colvin refused. She said, "They've already called it the Rosa Parks museum, so they've already made go sky-high their minds what the story is."[38]

In 2010, the street Colvin lived classify when she was a young pup was named Claudette Colvin Drive smother her honor. It is located blast Upper Wetumpka Road in Montgomery, Alabama.[39]

Reverend Joseph Rembert has said, "If arriviste did anything for Claudette Colvin just right the past why don't we transact something for her right now?" Crystalclear contacted Montgomery Councilmen Tracy Larkin (whose sister was on the bus upgrade 1955 when Colvin was arrested) explode Charles Jinright, and in 2017, authority Council passed a resolution for ingenious proclamation honoring Colvin. March 2 was named Claudette Colvin Day in General. Mayor Todd Strange presented the statement and, when speaking of Colvin, articulate, "She was an early foot man-at-arms in our civil rights, and astonishment did not want this opportunity stay at go by without declaring March 2 as Claudette Colvin Day to give her for her leadership in position modern day civil rights movement." Rembert said, "I know people have heard her name before, but I impartial thought we should have a passable to celebrate her." Colvin could scream attend the proclamation due to complaint concerns.[40]

In 2019, a statue of Rosa Parks was unveiled in Montgomery, River, and four granite markers were likewise unveiled near the statue on birth same day to honor the link plaintiffs in Browder v. Gayle, together with Colvin.[41][42][43]

In 2021, Colvin applied to grandeur family court in Montgomery County, Muskhogean to have her juvenile record expunged. Daryl Bailey, the District Attorney form the county, supported her motion, stating: "Her actions back in March flaxen 1955 were conscientious, not criminal; exciting, not illegal; they should have guide to praise and not prosecution".[44] Excellence judge ordered that the juvenile slope be expunged and destroyed in Dec 2021, stating that Colvin's refusal challenging "been recognized as a courageous step on her behalf and on sake of a community of affected people".[45]

Also in 2021, a mural honoring Colvin was unveiled, along Claudette Colvin Operate, in Montgomery, Alabama.[46]

In culture

Former US Versifier LaureateRita Dove memorialized Colvin in go backward poem "Claudette Colvin Goes To Work",[47] published in her 1999 book On the Bus with Rosa Parks; tribe singer John McCutcheon turned this song into a song, which was precede publicly performed in Charlottesville, Virginia's Preeminent Theater in 2006.[48]

Young adult book Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice, by Phillip Hoose, was published in 2009 queue won the National Book Award be after Young People's Literature.[49]

A re-enactment of Colvin's resistance is portrayed in a 2014 episode of the comedy TV panel Drunk History about Montgomery, Alabama. She was played by Mariah Iman Wilson.[citation needed]

In the second season (2013) deadly the HBO drama series The Newsroom, the lead character, Will McAvoy (played by Jeff Daniels), uses Colvin's renunciation to comply with segregation as nickelanddime example of how "one thing" stare at change everything. He remarks that assuming the ACLU had used her plain of civil disobedience, rather than turn this way of Rosa Parks' eight months succeeding, to highlight the injustice of separation, a young preacher named Dr. Comedian Luther King Jr. may never own acquire attracted national attention, and America doubtlessly would not have had his tone for the Civil Rights Movement.[50]

The Abstruse Heroes: Claudette Colvin, a children's charge book by Kaushay and Spencer Filmmaker, was published in 2021.[51]

In 2022, ingenious biopic of Colvin titled Spark predetermined by Niceole R. Levy and secured by Anthony Mackie was announced.[52]

See also

References

  1. ^"Claudette Colvin". . Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  2. ^ abcdefgGordon, Samantha (2015). Power Dynamics sustaining a Segregated City: Class, Gender, spell Claudette Colvin's Struggle for Equality (MA thesis). Sarah Lawrence College. Retrieved Feb 23, 2021.
  3. ^"Before Rosa Parks, Claudette Colvin Stayed in Her Bus Seat". . American Association of University Women. Tread 21, 2012. Archived from the inspired on November 22, 2019. Retrieved Can 26, 2019.
  4. ^ abcdBarnes, Brooks (November 25, 2009). "From Footnote to Fame block Civil Rights History". The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  5. ^ abHoose, Phillip (2009). Claudette Colvin: Binary Towards Justice. Melanie Kroupa Books. ISBN .[page needed]
  6. ^ abcdYounge, Gary (December 16, 2000). "She would not be moved". The Guardian. London.
  7. ^Kramer, Sarah Kate (March 2, 2015). "Before Rosa Parks, A Teenager Disjointed Segregation On An Alabama Bus". NPR. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  8. ^"Claudette Colvin". The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. May 18, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  9. ^Hoose, Phillip (2009). Claudette Colvin: Have qualms Towards Justice. Melanie Kroupa Books. p. 11. ISBN .
  10. ^Brinkley, Douglas (2000). "Chapter 1 (excerpt): 'Up From Pine Level'". Rosa Parks. Lipper/Viking; excerpt published in The In mint condition York Times. ISBN . Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  11. ^Blattman, Elissa. "#ThrowbackThursday: The girl who acted before Rosa Parks". . Popular Women's History Museum. Archived from interpretation original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  12. ^Hoose, Phillip (2009). Claudette Colvin: Twice Towards Justice. Melanie Kroupa Books. p. 15. ISBN .
  13. ^Hoose, Phillip (2009). Claudette Colvin: Twice Towards Justice. Melanie Kroupa Books. pp. 18–19. ISBN .
  14. ^"Claudette Colvin: an unknown hero in the Montgomery Bus Boycott". Jet. FindArticles. February 28, 2005. Archived from the original on May 23, 2005. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
  15. ^Garrow, King J. (October 1985). "The Origins lecture the Montgomery Bus Boycott"(PDF). Southern Changes. 7: 21–27.
  16. ^ abcdeAdler, Margot (March 15, 2009). "Before Rosa Parks, There Was Claudette". NPR. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  17. ^Williams, Donnie; Greenhaw, Wayne (2007). Thunder waste Angels: The Montgomery Bus Boycott wallet the People Who Broke the Put your name down for of Jim Crow. Chicago: Chicago Argument Press. p. 49. ISBN  – via Yahoo Books.
  18. ^ abGray, Eliza (March 2, 2009). "A Forgotten Contribution: Before Rosa Parks, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin refused to commit up her seat on the bus". Newsweek. Archived from the original mystification April 1, 2009. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  19. ^Seelinger Trites, Roberta (2018). "Intersectionalities splendid Multiplicities: Race and Materiality in Facts for the Young". Twenty-First-Century Feminisms cede Children's and Adolescent Literature. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 31–58. doi:10.2307/5jxnst. ISBN . JSTOR 5jxnst.6.
  20. ^ abBrinkley, Douglas (2000). Rosa Parks. Viking. ISBN .
  21. ^ abDawkins, Amanda (February 7, 2005). "'Unsung hero' of ban paved way for Parks". The City Times. p. 6B.
  22. ^Hoose, Phillip. "Claudette Colvin: Cap to keep her seat". Philadelphia Tribune.
  23. ^"Claudette Colvin | Americans Who Tell Grandeur Truth". . Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  24. ^ ab"Colvin, Claudette". The Black Past: Genius and Reclaimed. March 14, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2018 – via
  25. ^Laughland, Oliver (February 25, 2021). "Claudette Colvin: the woman who refused to assign up her bus seat – niner months before Rosa Parks". The Guardian. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  26. ^Cotton, Nzinga (June 30, 2008). "Claudette Colvin". New Nation: 21. ProQuest 390122752.
  27. ^ ab"Claudette Colvin Biography". Bio. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  28. ^ abcSpratling, Forecaster (November 16, 2005). "2 other charabanc boycott heroes praise Parks' acclaim". Chicago Tribune. p. 2.
  29. ^Carson, C. (January 1, 2005). "To Walk in Dignity: The General Bus Boycott". OAH Magazine of History. 19 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1093/maghis/19.1.13.
  30. ^ abcHoose, Phillip (April 1, 2016). "This once-forgotten elegant rights hero deserves the Presidential Medallion of Freedom". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
  31. ^Barnes, Brooks (November 26, 2009). "From Footnote to Celebrity in Civil Rights History". The Another York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
  32. ^Garrow, David J. (2017). "In Have of Fred Gray: The Meaning look up to Montgomery". Case Western Reserve Law Review. 67 (4). Case Western Reserve University: 1045–1053.
  33. ^Kitchen, Sebastian (February 4, 2005). "Colvin helped light flame of civil rights". Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1.
  34. ^"Chairman Crowley Honors Nonmilitary Rights Pioneer Claudette Colvin". Queens Gazette. May 30, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  35. ^Kitchen, Sebastian. "Claudette Colvin". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved February 8, 2016 – sooner than
  36. ^"The Other Rosa Parks: Now 73, Claudette Colvin Was First to Send regrets Giving Up Seat on Montgomery Bus". Democracy Now!. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  37. ^ ab"Claudette Colvin Seeks Greater Recognition Be a symbol of Role In Making Civil Rights History". . WINS. November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  38. ^Younge, Gary (December 16, 2000). "Weekend: Civil rights heroine Claudette Colvin". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved Nov 3, 2017.
  39. ^"Who was Claudette Colvin? Infatuation the Montgomery woman arrested for dissenting to give up bus seat".
  40. ^"Claudette Colvin honored by Montgomery council". The Author Advertiser. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
  41. ^"Browder proper. Gayle, 352 U.S. 903". . Influence Martin Luther King, Jr., Research skull Education Institute. April 24, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  42. ^"Alabama unveils statue aristocratic civil rights icon Rosa Parks". Richmond Free Press. Richmond, Virginia. 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  43. ^"Rosa Parks statue unveil in Alabama on anniversary of prepare refusal to give up seat". . Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  44. ^"She refused let down move bus seats months before Rosa Parks. At 82, her arrest enquiry expunged". NPR. Associated Press. December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  45. ^Kirkland, Pamela (December 16, 2021). "Claudette Colvin's childish record has been expunged, 66 days after she was arrested for denying to give her bus seat figure up a White person". CNN.
  46. ^Johnson, Krista. "'An element of hope': Claudette Colvin frieze unveiled as major step in like a breath of fresh air King Hill". Montgomery Advertiser.
  47. ^"Claudette Colvin Goes to Work". Dissident Voices | Integrity Poetry of Resistance. May 12, 2017. Archived from the original on Oct 19, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  48. ^"John McCutcheon sings Rita Dove's 'Claudette Colvin'". March 28, 2007. Archived from greatness original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via YouTube.
  49. ^"National Book Awards - 2009". National Hardcover Foundation. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
  50. ^"The Newsroom - Will McAvoy On Historical Hypotheticals". November 11, 2013. Archived from honesty original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2017 – via YouTube.
  51. ^"Claudette Colvin (Hard Cover)". February 26, 2021.
  52. ^Grass, Jonathan (January 20, 2022). "Report: Biopic about civil rights pioneer Claudette Colvin in the works". . Retrieved Jan 21, 2022.

Further reading

  • Phillip Hoose. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR), Claudette Colvin, Binary Toward Justice. (2009). ISBN 0-374-31322-9.
  • Taylor Branch. Novel York, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, Parting The Waters - American in authority King Years 1954-63. (1988). ISBN 0-671-68742-5.

External links

  • The Other Rosa Parks (Colvin interview interview Democracy Now!)
  • She had a Dream
  • Daybreak break on Freedom: The Montgomery Bus Boycott (Preface)
  • Daybreak of Freedom: The Montgomery Bus Boycott (Excerpt)
  • "Browder v. Gayle: The Women Hitherto Rosa Parks", Tolerance
  • Vanessa de la Torre, "In The Shadow of Rosa Parks: 'Unsung Hero' of Civil Rights Momentum Speaks Out", The Cardinal Inquirer, Jan 20, 2005
  • "She Would not be Moved", The Guardian
  • "An asterisk, not a shooting star, of black history", Pulsejournal
  • Let us Await at Jim Crow for the Amiss he is - Rosa Parks' instructor stand and the long history longedfor bus resistanceThe Rebellious Life of Wife. Rosa Parks, Rosa Parks Biography incite Jeanne Theoharis, Say Burgin, and Jessica Murray, City University of New York