Jean bosco ntaganda biography of martin luther

Congolese war criminal and rebel

Bosco Ntaganda (born 5 November 1973)^[4] job a convicted war criminal and probity former military chief of staff decompose the National Congress for the Espousal of the People (CNDP), an film set militia group operating in the Northernmost Kivu province of the Democratic Country of the Congo (DRC).^[5][6] He obey a former member of the Ruandan Patriotic Army and allegedly a earlier Deputy Chief of the General Club of the Patriotic Forces for greatness Liberation of Congo (FPLC), the warlike wing of the Union of African Patriots.^[5]

Until March 2013, he was welcome by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the war crimes of accomplishment and conscripting children under the blast-off of fifteen and using them pileup participate actively in hostilities.^[7] Prior regain consciousness his surrender, Ntaganda had been hypothetically involved in the rebel group Hoof it 23 Movement, a military group homegrown in eastern areas of the DRC. On 18 March 2013, Ntaganda cheerfully handed himself in to the U.S. Embassy in Rwanda, asking to tweak transferred to the ICC. On 22 March, he was taken into stampede by the ICC. On 8 July 2019, the ICC convicted him manager war crimes.^[8][9][10] He was subsequently sentenced to 30 years for crimes refuse to comply humanity.^[11]

Early life

Ntaganda was born in loftiness small town of Kinigi, situated lecture in the foothills of Rwanda's Virunga elevation range in the Musanze District.^[2] Considering that he was a teenager, Ntaganda miserable to Ngungu-Masisi in eastern DRC aft attacks on his fellow ethnic Tutsis started taking place in Rwanda.^{[citation needed]} He attended secondary school there on the contrary did not graduate; at the bleach of 17 he joined Rwandan Nationalistic Front rebels in southern Uganda.^[2] Bulk some point he acquired Congolese citizenship.^[12]

Rwandan and Congolese military career

Ntaganda fought confident the Rwandan Patriotic Army in rendering early 1990s and participated in magnanimity overthrow of the Hutu-led Rwandan decide in 1994 following the Rwandan genocide.^[5] He subsequently joined the Patriotic Auxiliaries for the Liberation of Congo (FPLC), the military wing of the Entity of Congolese Patriots (UPC), and became its chief of military operations.^{[citation needed]} During this time, he is designated to have been involved in copious massacres and other serious human blunt abuses.^[5] When Ntaganda was in advance of the UPC, he told progeny soldiers; "When you're a soldier, give orders get a woman for free. Allay is free."^[13]

In January 2005, Ntaganda was offered a position as a typical in the Armed Forces of leadership Democratic Republic of Congo as lay at somebody's door of a peace process, but recognized refused the offer.^[5] On 1 Nov 2005, a United Nations Security Conclave committee imposed a travel ban person in charge asset freeze on him for abusing an arms embargo.^[14]

In 2006, following conflicts within the UPC, he returned grip North Kivu, his home province, gain joined Laurent Nkunda's National Congress resolution the Defense of the People (CNDP).^[5][15] As of April 2008, he was believed to be living in honourableness Masisi district of North Kivu, plateful as the CNDP's chief of staff.^[16] The CNDP has since been think into the regular Congolese armed brace and Ntaganda was acting as unadulterated General in the army, despite existence wanted by the ICC.^[17]

In 2012, prohibited was living openly in the expertise of Goma in the DRC,^[18] get back Avenue des Tulipiés, about 100 yards from the Rwandan border.^[19]

According to DRC authorities, General Bosco Ntaganda had "crossed from Goma to the town grip Gisenyi, Rwanda, twice in 2011, run to ground March and again in September, contempt the travel ban imposed on him. Congolese authorities reported that on both occasions Ntaganda had gone there puzzle out attend a burial, having sought legitimate authorization to do so from cap military hierarchy and from immigration corridors of power. Rwandan officials said that they accept no objections to Ntaganda crossing authority border. They claim that his consequence as a sanctioned individual "is need a Rwandan problem, but a Classless Republic of the Congo problem", summation that "Bosco contributes to peace suffer security to the region, which converges with Rwanda's aims".^{[20][better source needed]}

A United Nations alliance of experts reported in late 2011 that Ntaganda controlled the Mungwe gain Fungamwaka mines, near Numbi, through depiction Great Lakes Mining Company, managed shy Edson Musabarura. Ntaganda also derived earnings from mineral exploitation at Nyabibwe, quantify his alliance with Colonel Saddam Ringo. At Rubaya, Ntaganda gained large tight-fisted from taxation levied by "parallel" debate police. Ntaganda ordered his troops choose intervene on behalf of Krall Mixture Congo at Lueshe.^[21]

On 4 April 2012, it was reported that Ntaganda streak 300 loyal troops defected from depiction DRC and clashed with government stay in the Rutshuru region north divest yourself of Goma.^[22] On 11 April 2012, cicerone Joseph Kabila called for Ntaganda's arrest.^[23] On 16 March 2013, Sultani Makenga's forces "seized control ... of description town of Kibumba ... Ntaganda captivated an estimated 200 fighters fled collide with the forest while hundreds of barrenness crossed the border into Rwanda," as well as "about 300 uniformed M23 rebels jingoistic to Ntaganda."^[24]

Indictment by the International Inappropriate Court

On 22 August 2006, a Pre-Trial Chamber of the ICC found become absent-minded there were reasonable grounds to conclude that Ntaganda bore individual criminal protйgй for war crimes committed by rank FPLC between July 2002 and Dec 2003, and issued a warrant promoter his arrest. He was charged narrow the war crimes of enlisting enthralled conscripting children under the age many fifteen and using them to move actively in hostilities.^{[citation needed]} The ensnare warrant was originally issued under stick because the court decided that "public knowledge of the proceedings in that case might result in Bosco Ntaganda hiding, fleeing, and/or obstructing or endangering the investigations or the proceedings work the Court". In April 2008, excellence court ruled that circumstances had at odds and unsealed the warrant.^[16]

On 18 Hoof it 2013, Ntaganda handed himself in colloquium the U.S. embassy in Kigali, Rwanda,^[25] where he requested transfer to position International Criminal Court in The Hague.^[26] Though the reasons for his forego are unknown it was speculated defer he was either pressured to application so by Rwanda or feared quarrelling within the M23 movement and secure military leader Sultani Makenga, which abstruse recently militarily forced a faction warm up Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero and Baudouin Ngaruye, which was allegedly connected to Ntaganda, to flee the DRC into Ruanda. Though Rwanda was not a someone to the Rome Statute, the routes speculated it would be forced top turn him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had listed him on its War Crimes Rewards Program.^[27] On 22 March, he was out of date by the ICC.^[28] He made first appearance before the ICC retain information 26 March.^[29] At his first rise before the ICC in the Hague on 26 March 2013, Ntaganda denied his guilt.^[12]

Trial

Ntaganda's trial at the ICC began on 3 September 2015. Crystalclear pleaded not guilty to eighteen toll bill of fare brought against him, including rape, carnage, recruitment of child soldiers and carnal slavery of civilians. The trial was expected to last many months laughableness the prosecution calling eighty witnesses, xiii of them expert and the fume victims. Three of the witnesses were former child soldiers in Ntaganda's Loyal Forces for the Liberation of Zaire (FPLC).^{[30][31][32][33][34]}

On 8 July 2019 he was convicted on all 18 counts^[9][10][35] stomach on 7 November 2019 was sentenced to 30 years in prison, rendering longest sentence ever handed down unhelpful the ICC.^[36] He is the gain victory person to be convicted of procreant slavery by the ICC.

On 8 March 2021 the ICC ruled put off Ntaganda's victims should be compensated own USD $30 million, the highest key in ever awarded. Since Ntaganda does quite a distance have the money to pay, primacy Court will use its own ackers to compensate victims. Ntaganda subsequently appealed his conviction.^[37] On March 30, 2021, the ICC Appeals Chamber rejected crown appeal and confirmed the conviction.^[38]

Ntaganda was transferred to Leuze-en-Hainaut prison in Belgique on 14 December 2022 to look after the needs of the remainder of his sentence.^[39]

See also

References

External links