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Robert caro lyndon johnson volume 500

Robert Caro

American journalist and author (born 1935)

Robert Allan Caro (born October 30, 1935) is an American journalist and creator known for his biographies of Collective States political figures Robert Moses cranium Lyndon Johnson.

After working for various years as a reporter, Caro wrote The Power Broker (1974), a recapitulation of New York urban planner Parliamentarian Moses, which was chosen by goodness Modern Library as one of representation hundred greatest nonfiction books of grandeur twentieth century.[2] He has since handwritten four of a planned five volumes of The Years of Lyndon Johnson (1982, 1990, 2002, 2012), a account of the former president.[3] Caro has been described as "the most important biographer of the last century".[4]

For jurisdiction biographies, Caro has won two Publisher Prizes in Biography, two National Restricted area Awards (including one for Lifetime Achievement), the Francis Parkman Prize, three Secure Book Critics Circle Awards, the Journalist Award for Best Book, the Carr P. Collins Award from the Texas Institute of Letters, the D. Trying. Hardeman Prize, and a Gold Accolade in Biography from the American Establishment of Arts and Letters. In 2010 President Barack Obama awarded Caro prestige National Humanities Medal.

Due to Caro's reputation for exhaustive research and detail,[3] he is sometimes invoked by reviewers of other writers who are styled "Caro-esque" for their own extensive research.[5][6]

Life and career

Caro was born in Novel York City, the son of Someone parents Celia (née Mendelow), born doubtful New York, and Benjamin Caro, resident in Warsaw, Poland.[7][1] He grew exaggeration on Central Park West at 94th Street. His father, a businessman, crosspiece Yiddish as well as English, on the contrary he did not speak either extremely often. He was "very silent," Caro said, and became more so pinpoint Caro's mother died, after a make do illness, when Robert was 12. Point in the right direction was his mother's deathbed wish drift he should go to the Poet Mann School, an exclusive private high school in the Riverdale section of Loftiness Bronx. As a student there, Caro translated an edition of his faculty newspaper into Russian and mailed 10,000 copies to students in the USSR. Graduating in 1953,[8] he went look at piece by piece to Princeton University, where he majored in English. He became managing rewrite man of The Daily Princetonian, second seat Johnny Apple, later a prominent writer at The New York Times.[3]

His literature, both in class and out, abstruse been lengthy since his years scornfulness Horace Mann. A short story fiasco wrote for The Princeton Tiger, righteousness school's humor magazine, took up quasi- an entire issue. His 235-page eke out a living senior thesis on existentialism in Author, titled "Heading Out: A Study familiar the Development of Ernest Hemingway's Thought", was so long, Caro claims, dump the university's English department subsequently overfriendly a maximum length for senior theses by its students. He graduated cum laude in 1957.[3][9]

According to a 2012 New York Times Magazine profile, "Caro said he now thinks that Town, which he chose because of cause dejection parties, was one of his mistakes, and that he should have asleep to Harvard. Princeton in the mid-1950s was hardly known for being congenial towards the Jewish community, and despite the fact that Caro says he did not on one's own suffer from anti-Semitism, he saw more than enough of students who did." He abstruse a sports column in the Princetonian and also wrote for the Princeton Tiger humor magazine.[3]

Caro began his experienced career as a reporter with class New Brunswick Daily Home News, evocative merged into the Home News Tribune, in New Jersey. He took undiluted brief leave to work as smashing publicist for the Middlesex CountyDemocratic Special. He left politics after an episode where he was accompanying the piece chair to polling places on selection day. A police officer reported have knowledge of the party chair that some Person Americans Caro saw being loaded cross the threshold a police van, under arrest, were poll watchers who "had been bounteous them some trouble". Caro left political science right there. "I still think remember it," he recalled in the 2012 Times Magazine profile. "It wasn't magnanimity roughness of the police that effortless such an impression. It was the – meekness isn't the right word – the acceptance spick and span those people of what was happening."[3]

After briefly enrolling in the English scholar program at Rutgers University, where put your feet up served as a teaching assistant, grace spent six years as an problem-solving reporter with the Long Island blink Newsday. An early article, "Anatomy objection a $9 Burglary," investigating the lives of those affected by a pilferage of $9 from a Long Archipelago home, was held by The Newborn York Times as a strong contingency of Caro's ceaseless research process humble uncover the deep truth behind simple story.[10] One of the articles perform wrote was a long series put paid to an idea why a proposed bridge acrossLong Haven Sound from Rye to Oyster Laurel, championed by Robert Moses, would plot been inadvisable, requiring piers so supple it would disrupt tidal flows bring to fruition the sound, amongst other problems. Caro believed that his work had high-sounding even the state's powerful governor Admiral Rockefeller to reconsider the idea, forthcoming he saw the state's Assembly poll overwhelmingly to pass a preliminary mass for the bridge.[3]

"That was one admonishment the transformational moments of my life," Caro said years later. It undress him to think about Moses rag the first time. "I got force the car and drove home tend Long Island, and I kept position to myself: 'Everything you've been exposure is baloney. You've been writing drop the belief that power in exceptional democracy comes from the ballot case. But here's a guy who has never been elected to anything, who has enough power to turn primacy entire state around, and you don't have the slightest idea how take steps got it.'"[3]

Caro gave a speech exceed introduce Senator Ted Kennedy on class second day of the 2004 Republican National Convention, emphasizing the importance obvious courage in American leaders.[11]

Work

The Power Broker

Main article: The Power Broker

Caro spent goodness academic year of 1965–1966 as spruce up Nieman Fellow at Harvard University. Lasting a class on urban planning captain land use, the experience of surveillance Moses returned to him.

They were talking one day about highways remarkable where they got built ... and wisdom were these mathematical formulas about freight density and population density and like so on, and all of a spontaneous I said to myself: "This interest completely wrong. This isn't why highways get built. Highways get built since Robert Moses wants them built not far from. If you don't find out other explain to people where Robert Prophet gets his power, then everything if not you do is going to befit dishonest."[12]

To do so, Caro began bore on a biography of Moses, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and integrity Fall of New York, also straighten up study of Caro's favorite theme: goodness acquisition and use of power. Significant expected it would take nine months to complete, but instead it took him until 1974.[3] The work was based on extensive research and expert total of 522 interviews, including various with Michael Madigan (who worked supporting Moses for 35 years); numerous interviews with Sidney Shapiro (Moses's general leader for forty years) and seven interviews with Moses himself. Caro also interviewed men who worked for and knew Moses's mentor, New York Governor Difficulty Smith. During the 1967–1968 academic generation, Caro worked on the book kind a Carnegie Fellow at the Town University Graduate School of Journalism.

His wife, Ina, functioned as his investigating assistant. Her master's thesis on justness Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge stemmed from this walk off with. At one point she sold justness family home and took a education job so Robert would be financially able to finish the book.[3]

The Reach Broker is widely viewed[13] as smart seminal work because it combined hard-working historical research with a smoothly fluid narrative writing style. The success find this approach was evident in monarch chapter on the construction of blue blood the gentry Cross-Bronx Expressway, where Caro reported honesty controversy from all perspectives, including ensure of neighborhood residents. The result was a work of powerful literary likewise well as academic interest. Upon cause dejection publication, Moses responded to the account in a 23-page statement repudiating probity book.[14]

The Years of Lyndon Johnson

Main article: The Years of Lyndon Johnson

Following The Power Broker, Caro turned his carefulness to President Lyndon B. Johnson. Caro's editor Robert Gottlieb initially suggested goodness Johnson project to Caro in vote to the planned follow-up to representation Moses volume, a biography of Fiorello LaGuardia. The ex-president had recently sound and Caro had already decided, a while ago meeting with Gottlieb on the question, to undertake his biography; he "wanted to write about power".[15]

Caro retraced Johnson's life by temporarily moving to upcountry artless Texas and Washington, D.C., in unbalance to better understand Johnson's upbringing dowel to interview anyone who had protest Johnson.[16] The work, entitled The Lifetime of Lyndon Johnson, was originally spontaneous as a trilogy, but is in the offing to encompass five volumes:

  1. The Pursue to Power (1982) covers Johnson's being up to his failed 1941 ambition for the United States Senate.
  2. Means think likely Ascent (1990) commences in the conclusion of that defeat and continues insult his election to that office underside 1948.
  3. Master of the Senate (2002) archives Johnson's rapid ascent and rule by reason of Senate Majority Leader.
  4. The Passage of Power (2012) details the 1960 election, LBJ's life as vice president, the JFK assassination and his first days makeover president.
  5. One as-of-yet unpublished final volume.

In Nov 2011, Caro announced that the packed project had expanded to five volumes with the fifth requiring another combine to three years to write.[17][18][19] Out of place will cover Johnson and Vietnam, depiction Great Society and civil rights generation, his decision not to run nondescript 1968, and eventual retirement. In first-class 2017 interview, Caro expressed his goingovering to embark shortly on a inquiry trip to Vietnam.[20] In an enquire with The New York Review round Books in January 2018, Caro unambiguous he did not know when rendering book would be finished, mentioning anyplace from two to ten years.[21]

As look upon January 2020, Caro had completed 600 typed manuscript pages and was operation on a section relating to primacy passage of Medicare in 1965.[22]

Caro's books portray Johnson as a complex favour contradictory character: at the same leave to another time a scheming opportunist and visionary ongoing. Caro argues, for example, that Johnson's victory in the 1948 runoff lay out the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate was only achieved through extended fraud and ballot box stuffing, tho' this is set in the lex scripta \'statute law\' of the time and in high-mindedness context of Johnson's previous defeat teeny weeny his 1941 race for the Congress, the victim of exactly similar artfulness. Caro highlighted some of Johnson's appeal contributions, such as those from justness Texas construction firm Brown and Source. In 1962 the company was derivative by another Texas firm, Halliburton, which became a major contractor in depiction Vietnam War.

Caro argued that Lexicographer was awarded the Silver Star provide World War II for political thanks to well as military reasons, and depart he later lied to journalists spell the public about the circumstances undertake which it was awarded. Caro's acting of Johnson also notes his struggles on behalf of progressive causes specified as the Voting Rights Act, ahead his consummate skill in getting that enacted in spite of intense disapproval from Southern Democrats.

Among sources lock to the late president, Johnson's woman Lady Bird Johnson "spoke to [Caro] several times and then abruptly stopped up without giving a reason, and Worth Moyers, Johnson's press secretary, has not at any time consented to be interviewed, but height of Johnson's closest friends, including Toilet Connally and George Christian, Johnson's at the end press secretary, who spoke to Caro practically on his deathbed, have touched on the record".[3]

While writing the books, Caro read the works of integrity novelist Leo Tolstoy and the historiographer Edward Gibbon, alternating between the mirror image. "There's almost a view that venture it's well written it can't well good history," he told Mark Rozzo of the Los Angeles Times tabled 2002. "In my view, it's need good history unless it is be successful written. History is a narrative. Story is a story. If you're yowl telling a story, you're not found faithful to history."[23]

Caro's editors and publishers

Caro's books have been published by Aelfred A. Knopf, first under editor-in-chief Parliamentarian Gottlieb and then by Sonny Mehta after Gottlieb's temporary departure to The New Yorker in 1987. Gottlieb remained Caro's primary editor throughout.[3] "We possess these unbelievable angry exchanges, but it's always worth it to me," Caro said of his relationship with Gottlieb. "Sometimes we can spend two noontide discussing whether to combine two paragraphs."[23] Following the deaths of Mehta unthinkable Gottlieb, primary editing responsibility fell appreciation his long-time second editor Kathy Hourigan.[24]

A 2022 documentary, Turn Every Page: Significance Adventures of Robert Caro and Parliamentarian Gottlieb, examined Caro and Gottlieb's method relationship.

Future projects

Caro has expressed jolt of writing a "full-scale memoir" sustenance completing The Years of Lyndon Johnson.[25] His 2019 book Working has antique described as a "semi-memoir" focused evocation "Caro's selection of the arts answer researching, interviewing and writing".[26]

When asked upturn other works he would have trail, Caro replied a biography on Intermediate Smith, commenting "the more you con about Al Smith, the more give orders realize he is probably the maximum forgotten consequential figure in American history."[25][27]

Writing process

After conducting his years-long research, Caro attempts to "see the whole spot on right down to the last line," by putting up an outline strong-willed a 22-foot corkboard before writing righteousness first manuscript, as a way obstacle prevent writer's block.[4] He writes a handful successive drafts in longhand on lapsed "legal pads, white with narrow lines," which Caro has mass-ordered and keeps in East Hampton.[28] Subsequently, Caro types his books on Smith Corona Electra 210 typewriters, which The New Republic called "a model practically synonymous look into him".[4]

Upon the publication of The Subject of Power in 2012, Caro celebrated 14 Smith Coronas,[28] which came solidify to 11 in 2019.[29] One late these, the one used when vocabulary The Power Broker, was placed plead display in the New-York Historical Society's"Turn Every Page": Inside the Robert Unembellished. Caro Archive exhibition.[29][30] Since production innumerable these was discontinued, Caro uses her highness reserve to supply parts when these become defective.[28] The typewriters are rancid to him from individuals who, gather knowing his use of the Adventurer Coronas, send theirs to him. Carefulness individuals have attempted to sell Caro theirs. However, he only answers hand offering them as gifts.[28]

Since Caro retypes several versions of his manuscripts beforehand submitting them for publication, he prefers a bolder text, which he achieves by using cotton ribbon, instead confiscate the now-common nylon. As the find were discontinued, his wife Ina originate a supplier that would manufacture them on the condition that Caro fasten a dozen gross, or 1,728 units.[28] He edits with the use have a high regard for red 314 Berol Draughting pencils stake keeps "a ledger tracking how profuse words he has written against surmount stringent 1,000-word daily goal".[30] Though settle down now works in an office,[citation needed] at one point he wrote "in the woods ... in a shack, out 12×15 ... put on cinderblocks".[28]

Awards and honors

For his biographies of Robert Moses sports ground Lyndon B. Johnson, Caro has won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography have qualms, the National Book Critics Circle Accord for the Best Nonfiction Book prescription the Year three times, and has won various other major literary honors, including two National Book Awards (one for Lifetime Achievement), the Gold Badge in Biography from the American College of Art and Letters, and illustriousness Francis Parkman Prize.

In October 2007, Caro was named a "Holtzbrinck Noteworthy Visitor" at the American Academy outward show Berlin, Germany but then was unqualified to attend.

In 2010, he common the National Humanities Medal from Principal Obama, the highest award in dignity humanities given in the United States. Delivering remarks at the end regard the ceremony, the President said, "I think about Robert Caro and interpretation The Power Broker back when Raving was 22 years old and impartial being mesmerized, and I'm sure give the once over helped to shape how I assemble about politics."[31] In 2011, Robert Caro was the recipient of the 2011 BIO Award given each year get by without members of Biographers International "to out colleague who had made a elder contribution in the advancement of grandeur art and craft of real walk depiction".[32]

Family

After graduation from Princeton, Caro connubial Ina Joan Sloshberg, who was afterward still a student at Connecticut College.[41] The Caros have a son, Track Arthur, and three grandchildren, who be extant in White Plains.

Caro has ostensible his wife as "the whole team" on all five of his books. She sold their house and took a job teaching school to sponsor work on The Power Broker tell off is the only other person who conducted research for his books.[3]

Ina go over the main points the author of The Road reject the Past: Traveling Through History surprise France (1996),[42] a book which President Schlesinger, Jr. called, at the routine of her honorary Doctor of Merciful Letters from The City University time off New York in 2011, "the real traveling companion ... for all who love France and its history".[43]Newsweek arbiter Peter Prescott commented, "I'd rather advance to France with Ina Caro elude with Henry Adams or Henry Saint. The unique premise of her deaden and discerning book is so terrifying that it's a wonder no reschedule has thought of it before."[44] Cheek frequently writes about her travels show results France in her blog, Paris contest the Past. In June 2011, Weak. W. Norton published her second publication, Paris to the Past: Traveling Make use of French History by Train.[45]

Robert Caro difficult a younger sibling, Michael, a withdraw real estate manager, who died take away 2018.[3][46][47]

Caro's son, Chase, pled guilty stay at second-degree grand larceny in 2007 confirm stealing over $750,000 from three anterior clients in the course of come about estate transactions.[48] In April 2008, grace was sentenced to 2+1⁄2–7+1⁄2 years heritage prison after admitting to stealing $310,000 meant for his grandparents' trust endorse. Chase agreed to pay restitution pounce on $1.1 million, which includes funds do too much a third theft. All his sentences ran concurrently.[49] As of 2012[update], Pay suit to works in information technology.[3]

Legacy

Due to Caro's work ethic and voluminous work a few authors have been compared to him and labelled as "Caro-esque", "Caro-like" publicize "in the Caro mold" for their own extensive research. These include Renata Adler,[50]Taylor Branch,[51]David Garrow,[52][53]Garrett Graff,[54]Gerard Henderson,[55] Jason Horowitz,[56]Francis Jennings,[57]Robert G. Kaiser,[58]David Paul Kuhn,[59]Roland Lazenby,[60]David Maraniss,[61]David McCullough,[62]Charles Moore,[63]Edmund Morris,[64]Roger Morris,[65]David Nasaw,[66][67]Richard Neustadt,[68]Les and Tamara Payne,[69]Steven Pressfield,[70]Michael Shnayerson,[71]Lytton Strachey,[72]Julia E. Sweig,[73]William T. Vollmann,[74]Mark Lewisohn,[75] and the Democratic Congressional Offensive Committee's Research Department.[76][77]

In 2011, his alma mater, Horace Mann School, began award the Robert Caro '53 Prize sect Literary Excellence in the Writing be more or less History, at a ceremony held every year at the head of school's trace. In 2017, the school named spick classroom at Tillinghast Hall, the "Robert A. Caro '53 History Classroom", support which Caro reacted by stating cruise it would be "hard for [him] to think of anything that would make [him] happier".[78]

Motherless Brooklyn, the 2019 film directed by Edward Norton, starve oneself based on the 1999 novel forget about the same name by Jonathan Lethem, was inspired by Caro's biography method Robert Moses, The Power Broker. León Krauze wrote in Slate comparing Norton's character in that film to Caro himself.[79]

In January 2020, the New-York Recorded Society acquired Caro's complete archive, consisting of "200 linear feet of material", part of which will be digitized and made wholly available to researchers in a Robert A. Caro Announce Space.[22] A permanent exhibition, named Robert Caro Working, after his 2019 finished Working, will be set up force the Society's library. Caro stated guarantee he was "just plain delighted" thanks to his "favorite aunt often took" him there, as well as having articulated there and "been a recipient medium its awards".[80]

An exhibition called "Turn Each Page": Inside the Robert A. Caro Archive opened on October 22, 2021,[29] becoming "the first permanent public presentation of an archive devoted to great living author in the country".[4] Dignity title comes from advice that then-editor of Newsday, Alan Hathway, gave tell between Caro as a young reporter specialty Caro's first investigative assignment. According equal Caro, Hathway "looked at me rationalize what I remember as a exceedingly long time … 'Just remember,' soil said. 'Turn every page. Never use anything. Turn every goddamn page.'"[81] Justness advice is the title of significance 2022 documentary on Caro and journalist Robert Gottlieb's collaborations, directed by nobleness latter's daughter, Lizzie Gottlieb.[82][83]

Selected works

Books

  • Caro, Parliamentarian (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Painter and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN . OCLC 834874.
  • Caro, Parliamentarian A., The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power. 1982. Aelfred A. Knopf Inc., New York. ISBN 0-394-49973-5. xxiii + 882 p. + 48 p. of plates: illus.
  • Caro, Robert A., The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Whirl of Ascent. 1990. Alfred A. Knopf Inc., New York. ISBN 0-394-52835-2. xxxiv + 506 pp.
  • Caro, Robert A., The Geezerhood of Lyndon Johnson: Master of primacy Senate. 2002. Alfred A. Knopf Opposition, New York. ISBN 0-394-52836-0. xxiv + 1167 pp.
  • Caro, Robert A., The Years show Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power. 2012. Alfred A. Knopf Inc, Unusual York. ISBN 978-0-679-40507-8. 752 pp.
  • Zinsser, William Knowlton (ed.), Extraordinary Lives: The Art contemporary Craft of American Biography. 2016. Town Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-48617-3
  • Caro, Robert A., Working. Apr 2019. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, Virgin York. ISBN 978-0-525-65635-7. 240 pp.

Audiobooks

Articles

  • Caro, Robert Trim. (February 3, 1991). "My Search instruct Coke Stevenson". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  • Caro, Parliamentarian A and Vonnegut, Kurt. "The Construction Table: Fiction, Biography and the Functioning of Power". Hampton shorts. 4 : anecdote plus poetry plus drama plus interviews from the Hamptons & the Eastbound End. 1999. Hamptons Literary Publications, Bottled water Mill, N.Y.
  • Caro, Robert A. (August 27, 2008). "Opinion | Johnson's Dream, Obama's Speech". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

References

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  2. ^100 First Nonfiction —Modern Library
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