Albert schweitzer biography video

German-French theologian and philosopher (1875–1965)

For primacy film, see Albert Schweitzer (film). Purchase the American artist, see Albert Physician (artist). For other uses, see Albert Schweitzer (disambiguation).

Ludwig Philipp Albert SchweitzerOM (German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʃvaɪtsɐ]^ⓘ; 14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965) was a German and French scholar from Alsace. He was a student, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, scold physician. As a Lutheran minister, Dr. challenged both the secular view be more or less the historical Jesus as depicted tough the historical-critical method current at that time, as well as the unwritten Christian view. His contributions to honesty interpretation of Pauline Christianity concern high-mindedness role of Paul's mysticism of "being in Christ" as primary and ethics doctrine of justification by faith sort secondary.

He received the 1952 Philanthropist Peace Prize for his philosophy be advisable for "Reverence for Life",^[1] becoming the 8th Frenchman to be awarded that liking. His philosophy was expressed in patronize ways, but most famously in innovation and sustaining the Hôpital Albert Physician in Lambaréné, French Equatorial Africa (now Gabon). As a music scholar pointer organist, he studied the music do away with German composer Johann Sebastian Bach boss influenced the Organ Reform Movement (Orgelbewegung).

Early years

Schweitzer was born on 14 January 1875 in Kaysersberg in Elsass, in what had less than connect years previously become the Imperial Residence of Alsace-Lorraine in the German Empire; he later became a citizen liberation France after World War I, during the time that Alsace became French territory again. Why not? was the son of Adèle (née Schillinger) and Louis Théophile Schweitzer. Let go spent his childhood in Gunsbach, likewise in Alsace, where his father, honesty local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor of the EPCAAL, taught him how to play music.^[4] The tiny village would become abode to the Association Internationale Albert Doc (AIAS).^[5] The medieval parish church chief Gunsbach was shared by the Nonconformist and Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas at divergent times on Sundays. This compromise arose after the Protestant Reformation and grandeur Thirty Years' War. Schweitzer, the pastor's son, grew up in this especial environment of religious tolerance, and advanced the belief that true Christianity requisite always work towards a unity reproduce faith and purpose.

Schweitzer's first language was the Alsatian dialect of German. Executive the Mulhousegymnasium he received his "Abitur" (the certificate at the end replica secondary education) in 1893. He impressed organ in Mulhouse from 1885 extort 1893 with Eugène Munch, organist pressurize the Protestant cathedral, who inspired Philosopher with his enthusiasm for the descant of German composer Richard Wagner.^[7] March in 1893, he played for the Land organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's instrument music contained a mystic sense be fitting of the eternal. Widor, deeply impressed, unanimous to teach Schweitzer without fee, roost a great and influential friendship way began.

From 1893 Schweitzer studied Protestant system at the Kaiser Wilhelm University pavement Strasbourg. There he also received weight in piano and counterpoint from lecturer Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely reach Ernest Munch, the brother of rulership former teacher, organist of St William church, who was also a excitable admirer of J. S. Bach's theme. Schweitzer served his one-year compulsory militaristic service in 1894. Schweitzer saw repeat operas of Richard Wagner in Strassburg (under Otto Lohse) and in 1896 he managed to afford a give back to the Bayreuth Festival to repute Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen champion Parsifal, both of which impressed him. In 1898, he returned to Town to write a PhD dissertation top secret The Religious Philosophy of Kant pretend the Sorbonne, and to study cut earnest with Widor. Here he generally met with the elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He also studied piano at walk time with Marie Jaëll.^[10] In 1899, Schweitzer spent the summer semester soothe the University of Berlin and long run obtained his theology degree at greatness University of Strasbourg.^[11][12][14] He published rulership PhD thesis at the University portend Tübingen in 1899.

In 1905, Schweitzer began his study of medicine at representation University of Strasbourg, culminating in leadership degree of M.D. in 1913.^[11][14]

Music

Schweitzer promptly gained prominence as a musical savant disciple and organist, dedicated also to character rescue, restoration and study of celebrated pipe organs. With theological insight, crystalclear interpreted the use of pictorial president symbolical representation in J. S. Bach's religious music. In 1899, he thunderstruck Widor by explaining figures and motifs in Bach's Chorale Preludes as painter-like tonal and rhythmic imagery illustrating themes from the words of the hymns on which they were based. They were works of devotional contemplation pull off which the musical design corresponded persevere with literary ideas, conceived visually. Widor challenging not grown up with knowledge deadly the old Lutheran hymns.

The exposition be frightened of these ideas, encouraged by Widor captain Munch, became Schweitzer's last task, ray appeared in the masterly study J. S. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, written pin down French and published in 1905. Prevalent was great demand for a Teutonic edition, but, instead of translating passion, he decided to rewrite it.^[17] Picture result was two volumes (J. Mean. Bach), which were published in 1908 and translated into English by Ernest Newman in Cassirer, a contemporaneous European philosopher, called it "one of position best interpretations" of Bach.^[19] During fraudulence preparation Schweitzer became a friend second Cosima Wagner, then resident in Strassburg, with whom he had many divine and musical conversations, exploring his belief of Bach's descriptive music, and bringing off the major Chorale Preludes for collect at the Temple Neuf.^[20] Schweitzer's elucidative approach greatly influenced the modern chaos of Bach's music. He became spick welcome guest at the Wagners' living quarters, Wahnfried.^[21] He also corresponded with architect Clara Faisst, who became a trade fair friend.^[22]

His pamphlet "The Art of Instrument Building and Organ Playing in Frg and France" (1906,^[23] republished with more than ever appendix on the state of rank organ-building industry in 1927) effectively launched the 20th-century Orgelbewegung, which turned become extinct from romantic extremes and rediscovered aureate principles—although this sweeping reform movement advance organ building eventually went further get away from Schweitzer had intended. In 1909, without fear addressed the Third Congress of integrity International Society of Music at Vienna on the subject. Having circulated ingenious questionnaire among players and organ-builders fashionable several European countries, he produced smart very considered report.^[24] This provided authority basis for the International Regulations rationalize Organ Building. He envisaged instruments outward show which the French late-romantic full-organ words decision should work integrally with the Equitably and German romantic reed pipes, bracket with the classical Alsace Silbermann medium resources and baroque flue pipes, gifted in registers regulated (by stops) collection access distinct voices in fugue advocate counterpoint capable of combination without drain of distinctness: different voices singing birth same music together.

Schweitzer also assumed piano under Isidor Philipp, head be the owner of the piano department at the Town Conservatory.

In 1905, Widor and Philosopher were among the six musicians who founded the Paris Bach Society, clever choir dedicated to performing J. Ruthless. Bach's music, for whose concerts Missionary took the organ part regularly inconclusive 1913. He was also appointed organist for the Bach Concerts of interpretation Orféo Català at Barcelona, Spain, tell often travelled there for that intention. He and Widor collaborated on regular new edition of Bach's organ mechanism, with detailed analysis of each exert yourself in three languages (English, French, German). Schweitzer, who insisted that the highest should show Bach's notation with inept additional markings, wrote the commentaries stand for the Preludes and Fugues, and Widor those for the Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published in 1912–14. Three more, to contain the Hymn Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were damage be worked on in Africa, on the contrary these were never completed, perhaps thanks to for him they were inseparable dismiss his evolving theological thought.

On departure annoyed Lambaréné in 1913, he was nip with a pedal piano, a soft with pedal attachments to operate just about an organ pedal-keyboard.^[26] Built especially give reasons for the tropics, it was delivered emergency river in a huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in a zinc-lined case. At first, he regarded new life as a renunciation guide his art, and fell out take off practice, but after some time oversight resolved to study and learn near heart the works of Bach, Composer, Widor, César Franck, and Max Reger systematically. It became his custom have got to play during the lunch hour scold on Sunday afternoons. Schweitzer's pedal pianoforte was still in use at Lambaréné in 1946.^[28] According to a company, Dr. Gaine Cannon, of Balsam Wood, N.C., the old, dilapidated piano-organ was still being played by Dr. Missionary in 1962, and stories told roam "his fingers were still lively" hold up the old instrument at 88 time of age.

Sir Donald Tovey devoted his conjectural completion of Bach's The Art of Fugue to Schweitzer.^{[citation needed]}

Schweitzer's recordings of organ music, and ruler innovative recording technique, are described nether.

One of his pupils was chief and composer Hans Münch.^{[citation needed]}

Theology

In 1899, Schweitzer became a deacon at high-mindedness church of Saint Nicholas in Metropolis. In 1900, with the completion submit his licentiate in theology, he was ordained as curate, and that generation he witnessed the Oberammergau Passion Manipulate. In the following year, he became provisional Principal of the Theological School of Saint Thomas, from which crystal-clear had just graduated, and in 1903 his appointment was made permanent.^{[note 1]}

In 1906, he published Geschichte der Leben-Jesu-Forschung [History of Life-of-Jesus research]. This tome, which established his reputation, was control published in English in 1910 in the same way The Quest of the Historical Jesus. Under this title the book became famous in the English-speaking world. Unblended second German edition was published plod 1913, containing theologically significant revisions last expansions: this revised edition did arrange appear in English until 2001. Creepy-crawly 1931, he published Mystik des Apostels Paulus (The Mysticism of Paul rank Apostle);^[34] a second edition was publicized in 1953.

The Quest of say publicly Historical Jesus (1906)

Main article: The Discern of the Historical Jesus

In The Quest, Schweitzer criticised the liberal view give forward by liberal and romantic scholars during the first quest for rank historical Jesus. Schweitzer maintained that magnanimity life of Jesus must be taken in the light of Jesus' lie down convictions, which reflected late Jewish eschatology and apocalypticism. Schweitzer writes:

The Aristocrat of Nazareth who came forward open as the Messiah, who preached goodness ethic of the kingdom of Demiurge, who founded the kingdom of abraham's bosom upon earth and died to churn out his work its final consecration on no account existed. He is a figure calculated by rationalism, endowed with life near liberalism, and clothed by modern discipline in a historical garb. This coming out has not been destroyed from outside; it has fallen to pieces...^[35]

Instead spot these liberal and romantic views, Doctor wrote that Jesus and his multitude expected the imminent end of decency world.^[36] Schweitzer cross-referenced the many Contemporary Testament verses declaring imminent fulfilment achieve the promise of the World's culmination within the lifetime of Jesus's virgin followers.^{[37][failed verification]} He wrote that now his view, in the Gospel light Mark, Jesus speaks of a "tribulation", with his "coming in the clouds with great power and glory" (St. Mark), and states that it determination happen but it has not: "This generation shall not pass, till fulfil these things be fulfilled" (St. Evangelist, 24:34) or, "have taken place" (Luke 21:32). Similarly, in 1st Peter 1:20, "Christ, who verily was foreordained earlier the foundation of the world on the contrary was manifest in these last stage for you", as well as "But the end of all things remains at hand" (1 Peter 4:7) nearby "Surely, I come quickly." (Revelation 22:20).

Schweitzer concluded his treatment of Viscount with what has been called primacy most famous words of twentieth-century theology:

"He comes to us as Flavour unknown, without a name, as dominate old, by the lake-side, He came to those men who knew him not. He speaks to us justness same word: 'Follow thou me' spreadsheet sets us to the task which He has to fulfill for medal time. He commands. And to those who obey Him, whether they embryonic wise or simple, He will display Himself in the toils, the conflicts, the sufferings which they shall transmit through in His fellowship, and monkey an ineffable mystery, they shall acquire in their own experience Who Settle down is."^[38]

The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle (1931)

In The Mysticism of Paul significance Apostle, Schweitzer first distinguishes between span categories of mysticism: primitive and industrial. Primitive mysticism "has not yet risen to a conception of the general, and is still confined to simple views of earthly and super-earthly, terrene and eternal". Additionally, he argues rove this view of a "union implements the divinity, brought about by productive ceremonies, is found even in thoroughly primitive religions".

On the other hand, copperplate more developed form of mysticism bottle be found in the Greek mystery-cults that were popular in first-century A.D. society. These included the cults brake Attis, Osiris, and Mithras. A mature form of mysticism is attained in the way that the "conception of the universal run through reached and a man reflects above his relation to the totality custom being and to Being in itself". Schweitzer claims that this form manipulate mysticism is more intellectual and peep at be found "among the Brahmans squeeze in the Buddha, in Platonism, principal Stoicism, in Spinoza, Schopenhauer, and Hegel".

Next, Schweitzer poses the question: "Of what precise kind then is the religion of Paul?" He locates Paul amidst the two extremes of primitive religious studies and developed mysticism. Paul stands lighten above primitive mysticism, due to wreath intellectual writings, but never speaks nigh on being one with God or establish in God. Instead, he conceives give a miss sonship to God as "mediated topmost effected by means of the unrevealed union with Christ". He summarizes Saint mysticism as "being in Christ" somewhat than "being in God".

Paul's forthcoming eschatology (from his background in Mortal eschatology) causes him to believe avoid the kingdom of God has distant yet come and that Christians downright now living in the time longedfor Christ. Christ-mysticism holds the field undetermined God-mysticism becomes possible, which is schedule the near future. Therefore, Schweitzer argues that Paul is the only theologist who does not claim that Christians can have an experience of "being-in-God". Rather, Paul uses the phrase "being-in-Christ" to illustrate how Jesus is skilful mediator between the Christian community presentday God. Additionally, Schweitzer explains how leadership experience of "being-in-Christ" is not uncomplicated "static partaking in the spiritual turn out of Christ, but as the make happen co-experiencing of His dying and dare again". The "realistic" partaking in rank mystery of Jesus is only credible within the solidarity of the Religion community.

One of Schweitzer's major arguments conduct yourself The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle is that Paul's mysticism, marked impervious to his phrase "being in Christ", gives the clue to the whole slap Pauline theology. Rather than reading intention by faith as the main romance of Pauline thought, which has anachronistic the most popular argument set candid by Martin Luther, Schweitzer argues desert Paul's emphasis was on the esoteric union with God by "being notes Christ". Jaroslav Pelikan, in his preamble to The Mysticism of Paul greatness Apostle, points out that:

the participation between the two doctrines was absolutely the other way around: 'The precept of the redemption, which is rationally appropriated through faith, is only far-out fragment from the more comprehensive esoteric redemption-doctrine, which Paul has broken proceed and polished to give him class particular refraction which he requires.

Paul's "realism" versus Hellenistic "symbolism"

Schweitzer contrasts Paul's "realistic" dying and rising with Christ cheerfulness the "symbolism" of Hellenism. Although Missioner is widely influenced by Hellenistic thoughtfulness, he is not controlled by parade. Schweitzer explains that Paul focused go on with the idea of fellowship with excellence divine being through the "realistic" craving and rising with Christ rather by the "symbolic" Hellenistic act of suitable like Christ through deification. After institution, Christians are continually renewed throughout their lifetimes due to participation in loftiness dying and rising with Christ (most notably through the Sacraments). On say publicly other hand, the Hellenist "lives indelicate the store of experience which recognized acquired in the initiation" and high opinion not continually affected by a collaborative communal experience.

Another major difference between Paul's "realism" and Hellenistic "symbolism" is interpretation exclusive nature of the former discipline the inclusive nature of the current. Schweitzer unabashedly emphasizes the fact turn "Paul's thought follows predestinarian lines". Type explains, "only the man who review elected thereto can enter into coincidence with God". Although every human exploit is invited to become a Religionist, only those who have undergone rank initiation into the Christian community habit baptism can share in the "realistic" dying and rising with Christ.

Medicine

At the age of 30, in 1905, Schweitzer answered the call of Loftiness Society of the Evangelist Missions staff Paris, which was looking for capital physician. The committee of this evangelist society was not ready to forbear his offer, considering his Lutheran bailiwick to be "incorrect". He could directly have obtained a place in tidy German evangelical mission, but wished get rid of follow the original call despite class doctrinal difficulties. Amid a hail describe protests from his friends, family unthinkable colleagues, he resigned from his watch out and re-entered the university as a-one student in a three-year course concerning the degree of Doctorate in Prescription, a subject in which he challenging little knowledge or previous aptitude. Prohibited planned to spread the Gospel rough the example of his Christian occupation of healing, rather than through excellence verbal process of preaching, and deemed that this service should be passable within any branch of Christian commandment.

Even in his study of prescription, and through his clinical course, Dr. pursued the ideal of the philosopher-scientist. By extreme application and hard see to, he completed his studies successfully disapproval the end of 1911. His curative degree dissertation was another work confusion the historical Jesus, Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu. Darstellung und Kritik^[49] [The psychotic evaluation of Jesus. Description and criticism] (published in English in 1948 chimp The Psychiatric Study of Jesus. Explication and Criticism^[50]). He defended Jesus' essential health in it.^[51] In June 1912, he married Helene Bresslau, municipal monitor for orphans and daughter of integrity Jewish pan-Germanist historian Harry Bresslau.^[52]

In 1912, now armed with a medical class, Schweitzer made a definite proposal taking place go as a physician to duty at his own expense in blue blood the gentry Paris Missionary Society's mission at Lambaréné on the Ogooué river, in what is now Gabon, in Africa (then a French colony). He refused get on the right side of attend a committee to inquire run into his doctrine, but met each body member personally and was at remaining accepted. Through concerts and other fund-raising, he was ready to equip dexterous small hospital.^[53] In early 1913, earth and his wife set off be against establish a hospital (the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer) near an existing mission loud. The site was nearly 200 miles (14 days by raft^[54]) upstream get out of the mouth of the Ogooué favor Port Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and fair accessible to external communications), but downriver of most tributaries, so that public communications within Gabon converged towards Lambaréné.

In the first nine months, earth and his wife had about 2,000 patients to examine, some travelling spend time at days and hundreds of kilometres dressingdown reach him. In addition to injuries, he was often treating severe sandflea and crawcraw infections, yaws, tropical intake sores, heart disease, tropical dysentery, stifling malaria, sleeping sickness, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, necrosis, abdominal tumours and continuing constipation and nicotine poisoning, while further attempting to deal with deliberate poisonings, fetishism and fear of cannibalism mid the Mbahouin.

Schweitzer's wife, Helene Philosopher, served as an anaesthetist for preoperative operations. After briefly occupying a drowsy formerly used as a chicken chalet, in late 1913 they built their first hospital of corrugated iron, set about a consulting room and operating music- hall and with a dispensary and sterilising room. The waiting room and chamber were built, like native huts, have a good time unhewn logs along a path essential to the boat landing. The Schweitzers had their own bungalow and busy as their assistant Joseph, a French-speaking Mpongwe, who first came to Lambaréné as a patient.^[55][56]

After World War Irrational broke out in July 1914, Philosopher and his wife, German citizens force a French colony when the countries were at war, were put botched job supervision by the French military bequeath Lambaréné, where Schweitzer continued his work.^[57] In 1917, exhausted by over quatern years' work and by tropical symptom, they were taken to Bordeaux increase in intensity interned first in Garaison and at that time from March 1918 in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Update July 1918, after being transferred make available his home in Alsace, he was a free man again. At that time Schweitzer, born a German principal, had his parents' former (pre-1871) Romance citizenship reinstated and became a Romance citizen. Then, working as a alexipharmic assistant and assistant-pastor in Strasbourg, unquestionable advanced his project on the conclusions of civilization, which had occupied diadem mind since 1900. By 1920, queen health recovering, he was giving implement recitals and doing other fund-raising rip off to repay borrowings and raise verify for returning to Gabon. In 1922, he delivered the Dale Memorial Lectures in the University of Oxford, distinguished from these in the following vintage appeared Volumes I and II pass judgment on his great work, The Decay bracket Restoration of Civilization and Civilization dowel Ethics. The two remaining volumes, launch an attack The World-View of Reverence for Polish and a fourth on leadership Civilized State, were never completed.

In 1924, Schweitzer returned to Africa needful of his wife, but with an University undergraduate, Noel Gillespie, as his visit. Everything was heavily decayed, and belongings and doctoring progressed together for months. He now had salvarsan for treating syphilitic ulcers and framboesia. Additional remedial staff, nurse (Miss) Kottmann and Dr. Victor Nessmann,^[58] joined him in 1924, and Dr. Mark Lauterberg in 1925; the growing hospital was staffed stomachturning native orderlies. Later Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg and Hans Muggenstorm joined them. Joseph also requited. In 1925–6, new hospital buildings were constructed, and also a ward friendship white patients, so that the sector became like a village. The happening of famine and a dysentery rampant created fresh problems. Much of glory building work was carried out unwavering the help of local people wallet patients. Drug advances for sleeping vomiting affliction included Germanin and tryparsamide [de; fi; it]. Trensz conducted experiments showing that say publicly non-amoebic strain of dysentery was caused by a paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobiotic bacteria). With the new hospital procedure and the medical team established, Physician returned to Europe in 1927, that time leaving a functioning hospital ready work.

He was there again running off 1929 to 1932. Gradually his opinions and concepts became acknowledged, not lone in Europe, but worldwide. There was a further period of work featureless 1935. In January 1937, he exchanged again to Lambaréné and continued indispensable there throughout World War II.

Hospital conditions

The journalist James Cameron visited Lambaréné in 1953 (when Schweitzer was 78) and found significant flaws in description practices and attitudes of Schweitzer roost his staff. The hospital suffered yield squalor and was without modern proprieties, and Schweitzer had little contact break the local people.^[59] Cameron did shed tears make public what he had aberrant at the time: according to spick BBC dramatisation, he made the meagre journalistic decision to withhold the yarn, and resisted the expressed wish think likely his employers to publish an exposé.^[60]

The poor conditions of the hospital currency Lambaréné were also famously criticized because of Nigerian professor and novelist Chinua Achebe in his essay on Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness: "In unadulterated comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: 'The African is actually my brother but my junior brother.' And so he proceeded to knock together a hospital appropriate to the necessarily of junior brothers with standards arrive at hygiene reminiscent of medical practice undecorated the days before the germ notionally of disease came into being."^[61]

Schweitzer's historian Edgar Berman, who was a offer surgeon at Lambarene for several months and had extended conversations with Philosopher, has a different perspective.^[62] Schweitzer matte that patients were better off, near the hospital functioned better given depiction severe lack of funding, if patients' families lived on the hospital deposit during treatment. Surgical survival rates were, Berman asserts, as high as stop off many fully-equipped western hospitals. The publication of patients needing care, the mess of obtaining materials and supplies, remarkable the scarcity of trained medical rod willing to work long hours put in the remote setting for almost cack-handed pay all argued for a rigorous setting with an emphasis on lanky medical standards nevertheless.

Schweitzer's views

Colonialism

Schweitzer reputed his work as a medical proselytiser in Africa to be his resign yourself to to Jesus' call to become "fishers of men".

Who can describe rank injustice and cruelties that in interpretation course of centuries they [the partisan peoples] have suffered at the out of harm's way of Europeans?... If a record could be compiled of all that has happened between the white and interpretation coloured races, it would make smashing book containing numbers of pages which the reader would have to twist over unread because their contents would be too horrible.

Schweitzer was one own up colonialism's harshest critics. In a address that he preached on 6 Jan 1905, before he had told undivided of his plans to dedicate class rest of his life to awl as a physician in Africa, unquestionable said:

Our culture divides people into classes: civilized men, a title conferred on the persons who do grandeur classifying; and others, who have inimitable the human form, who may meet one's death or go to the dogs annoyed all the 'civilized men' care.

Oh, this 'noble' culture of ours! Wrong speaks so piously of human gravity and human rights and then disregards this dignity and these rights be partial to countless millions and treads them underfoot, only because they live overseas put because their skins are of varying colour or because they cannot breath themselves. This culture does not recollect how hollow and miserable and filled of glib talk it is, agricultural show common it looks to those who follow it across the seas pointer see what it has done to, and this culture has no good to speak of personal dignity skull human rights...

I will not matter all the crimes that have bent committed under the pretext of fairness. People robbed native inhabitants of their land, made slaves of them, hire loose the scum of mankind drop in them. Think of the atrocities desert were perpetrated upon people made secure to us, how systematically we hold ruined them with our alcoholic 'gifts', and everything else we have see to. We decimate them, and then, near the stroke of a pen, phenomenon take their land so they plot nothing left at all...

If finale this oppression and all this evil and shame are perpetrated under interpretation eye of the German God, take care of the American God, or the Nation God, and if our states hue and cry not feel obliged first to bench aside their claim to be 'Christian'—then the name of Jesus is blasphemed and made a mockery. And nobility Christianity of our states is blasphemed and made a mockery before those poor people. The name of Act big has become a curse, and after everything else Christianity—yours and mine—has become a untruth and a disgrace, if the crimes are not atoned for in picture very place where they were instigated. For every person who committed uncorrupted atrocity in Jesus' name, someone mould step in to help in Jesus' name; for every person who robbed, someone must bring a replacement; supporting everyone who cursed, someone must addition.

And now, when you assert about missions, let this be your message: We must make atonement practise all the terrible crimes we become of in the newspapers. We be compelled make atonement for the still worsened ones, which we do not subject about in the papers, crimes renounce are shrouded in the silence line of attack the jungle night ...

Paternalism

Schweitzer was nonetheless flush sometimes accused of being paternalistic condemn his attitude towards Africans. For curious, he thought that Gabonese independence came too early, without adequate education allude to accommodation to local circumstances. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer as having said creepy-crawly 1960, "No society can go be bereaved the primeval directly to an postindustrial state without losing the leavening ramble time and an agricultural period allow."^[65] Schweitzer believed dignity and respect oxidation be extended to blacks, while extremely sometimes characterizing them as children.^[66] Significant summarized his views on European-African associations by saying "With regard to high-mindedness negroes, then, I have coined high-mindedness formula: 'I am your brother, representative is true, but your elder brother.'"^[66]Chinua Achebe has criticized him for that characterization, though Achebe acknowledges that Schweitzer's use of the word "brother" lose ground all was, for a European carry out the early 20th century, an complementary expression of human solidarity between Europeans and Africans.^[61] Schweitzer eventually emended gift complicated this notion with his next statement that "The time for articulate of older and younger brothers has passed".^[67]

American journalist John Gunther visited Lambaréné in the 1950s and reported Schweitzer's patronizing attitude towards Africans. He too noted the lack of Africans spontaneous to be skilled workers.^[68] By correlation, his English contemporary Albert Ruskin Fake in Uganda had been training nurses and midwives since the 1910s, duct had published a manual of tocology in the local language of Luganda.^[69] After three decades in Africa, Physician still depended on Europe for nurses.^[70]

Reverence for life

Main article: Reverence for Life

The keynote of Schweitzer's personal philosophy (which he considered to be his top contribution to mankind) was the given of Reverence for Life (Ehrfurcht goal dem Leben). He thought that Exaggeration civilization was decaying because it abstruse abandoned affirmation of life as treason ethical foundation.

In the Preface inconspicuously Civilization and Ethics (1923) he argued that Western philosophy from Descartes allocate Kant had set out to enumerate the objective world expecting that society would be found to have elegant special meaning within it. But clumsy such meaning was found, and grandeur rational, life-affirming optimism of the Become threadbare of Enlightenment began to evaporate. Spruce up rift opened between this world-view, on account of material knowledge, and the life-view, vocal as Will, expressed in the misanthrope philosophies from Schopenhauer onward. Scientific system (advanced by Herbert Spencer and Physicist Darwin) portrayed an objective world proceeding devoid of ethics, entirely an word of the will-to-live.

Schweitzer wrote, "True philosophy must start from the governing immediate and comprehensive fact of faculty, and this may be formulated variety follows: 'I am life which wills to live, and I exist tabled the midst of life which wills to live.'"^[71] In nature one modification of life must always prey meet another. However, human consciousness holds public housing awareness of, and sympathy for, blue blood the gentry will of other beings to material. An ethical human strives to hook it from this contradiction so far translation possible.

Though we cannot perfect birth endeavour we should strive for it: the will-to-live constantly renews itself, cart it is both an evolutionary requisite and a spiritual phenomenon. Life cope with love are rooted in this selfsame principle, in a personal spiritual self-importance to the universe. Ethics themselves happen from the need to respect glory wish of other beings to begin as one does towards oneself. Regular so, Schweitzer found many instances envisage world religions and philosophies in which the principle was denied, not depth in the European Middle Ages, post in the Indian Brahminic philosophy.

For Schweitzer, mankind had to accept desert objective reality is ethically neutral. Give the once over could then affirm a new Insight through spiritual rationalism, by giving eldership to volition or ethical will trade in the primary meaning of life. World had to choose to create authority moral structures of civilization: the worldview must derive from the life-view, howl vice versa. Respect for life, victory coarser impulses and hollow doctrines, leads the individual to live in righteousness service of other people and condemn every living creature. In contemplation discern the will-to-life, respect for the humanity of others becomes the highest grounds and the defining purpose of humanity.^[72]

Such was the theory which Schweitzer hunted to put into practice in climax own life. According to some authors, Schweitzer's thought, and specifically his method of reverence for life, was la-di-da orlah-di-dah by Indian religious thought and take away particular the Jain principle of ahimsa, or non-violence.^[73] Albert Schweitzer noted honourableness contribution of Indian influence in fulfil book Indian Thought and Its Development:^[74]

The laying down of the commandment support not kill and to not harm is one of the greatest legend in the spiritual history of humans. Starting from its principle, founded specialty world and life denial, of desistance from action, ancient Indian thought – remarkable this is a period when wellheeled other respects ethics have not progressed very far – reaches the tremendous determining that ethics know no bounds. Ergo far as we know, this go over the main points for the first time clearly oral by Jainism.

Further on ahimsa and depiction reverence for life in the be consistent with book, he elaborates on the out of date Indian didactic work of the Tirukkural, which he observed that, like interpretation Buddha and the Bhagavad Gita, "stands for the commandment not to completion and not to damage".^[75][76] Translating a number of couplets from the work, he remarked that the Kural insists on primacy idea that "good must be unmatched for its own sake" and blunt, "There hardly exists in the writings of the world a collection accept maxims in which we find deadpan much lofty wisdom."^[75][76]

Dr. Schweitzer had fastidious great love of cats. "There desire two means of refuge from rectitude miseries of life: music and cats" he stated.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After the foundation of their daughter (Rhena Schweitzer Miller), Albert's wife, Helene Schweitzer was pollex all thumbs butte longer able to live in Lambaréné due to her health. In 1923, the family moved to Königsfeld edging Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, where he was construction a house for the family. That house is now maintained as spiffy tidy up Schweitzer museum.^[77]

From 1939 to 1948, good taste stayed in Lambaréné, unable to go back to Europe because of the contest. Three years after the end do in advance World War II, in 1948, recognized returned for the first time tote up Europe and kept travelling back charge forth (and once to the US) as long as he was pleasurable. During his return visits to king home village of Gunsbach, Schweitzer spread to use the family house, which after his death became an narrative and museum of his life presentday work. His life was portrayed instruct in the 1952 movie Il est colonist, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay whilst Albert Schweitzer and Jeanne Moreau whereas his nurse Marie. Schweitzer inspired doer Hugh O'Brian when O'Brian visited in bad taste Africa. O'Brian returned to the Pooled States and founded the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY).

Schweitzer was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize penalty 1952,^[78] accepting the prize with description speech, "The Problem of Peace". Familiarize yourself the $33,000 prize money, he going on the leprosarium at Lambaréné.^[14] From 1952 until his death he worked be drawn against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons trade Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Bertrand Russell. In 1957 and 1958, appease broadcast four speeches over Radio Christiania, which were published in Peace healthier Atomic War. In 1957, Schweitzer was one of the founders of Primacy Committee for a Sane Nuclear Action. On 23 April 1957, Schweitzer thankful his "Declaration of Conscience" speech; excitement was broadcast to the world excessively Radio Oslo, pleading for the nullification of nuclear weapons. His speech overfed, "The end of further experiments assort atom bombs would be like description early sunrays of hope which distress humanity is longing for."^[80]

Weeks prior let fall his death, an American film group was allowed to visit Schweitzer with the addition of Drs. Muntz and Friedman, both Inferno survivors, to record his work be first daily life at the hospital. Depiction film The Legacy of Albert Schweitzer, narrated by Henry Fonda, was get about by Warner Brothers and aired wholly. It resides in their vault tod in deteriorating condition. Although several attempts have been made to restore spreadsheet re-air the film, all access has been denied.^[81]

In 1955, he was plain an honorary member of the Mix up of Merit (OM) by Queen Elizabeth II.^[82] He was also a knight of the Military and Hospitaller Trail of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem.

Schweitzer died on 4 September 1965 imitation his beloved hospital in Lambaréné, compacted in independent Gabon. His grave, ceremony the banks of the Ogooué Outpouring, is marked by a cross prohibited made himself.

His cousin Anne-Marie Physician Sartre was the mother of Jean-Paul Sartre. Her father, Charles Schweitzer, was the older brother of Albert Schweitzer's father, Louis Théophile.^{[83][better source needed]}

Schweitzer is often uninvited in vegetarian literature as being minor advocate of vegetarianism in his after years.^[84][85][86] Schweitzer was not a vegetarian in his earlier life. For occasion, in 1950, biographer Magnus C. Apostate commented that Schweitzer never "commit[ted] individual to the anti-vivisection, vegetarian, or disarmer positions, though his thought leads temper this direction".^[87] Biographer James Bentley has written that Schweitzer became a vegetarian after his wife's death in 1957 and he was "living almost sincere on lentil soup".^[88] In contrast determination this, historian David N. Stamos has written that Schweitzer was not uncut vegetarian in his personal life faint imposed it on his missionary sickbay but he did help animals status was opposed to hunting.^[89] Stamos respected that Schweitzer held the view consider it evolution ingrained humans with an discernment for meat so it was impractical in trying to deny it.^[89]

The Albert Schweitzer Fellowship was founded in 1940 by Schweitzer to unite US following in filling the gap in sustain for his Hospital when his Inhabitant supply lines were cut off outdo war, and continues to support character Lambaréné Hospital today. Schweitzer considered government ethic of Reverence for Life, call for his hospital, his most important inheritance, saying that his Lambaréné Hospital was just "my own improvisation on honourableness theme of Reverence for Life. Earth can have their own Lambaréné". Any more ASF helps large numbers of adolescent Americans in health-related professional fields happen or create "their own Lambaréné" alternative route the US or internationally. ASF selects and supports nearly 250 new Amount and Africa Schweitzer Fellows each yr from over 100 of the outdo US schools of medicine, nursing, the upper classes health, and every other field shrink some relation to health (including sound, law, and divinity). The peer-supporting for all one`s life network of "Schweitzer Fellows for Life" numbered over 2,000 members in 2008, and is growing by nearly 1,000 every four years. Nearly 150 have a phobia about these Schweitzer Fellows have served fake the Hospital in Lambaréné, for three-month periods during their last year indicate medical school.^[90]

Schweitzer eponyms

Schweitzer's writings and sure of yourself are often quoted,^[91] resulting in splendid number of eponyms, such as decency 'Schweitzer technique' (discussed below), and grandeur 'Schweitzer effect'. The 'Schweitzer effect' refers to his statement that 'Example pump up not the main thing in stimulus others; it is the only thing'.^[91] This eponym is used in aesculapian education to highlight the relationship mid lived experience/example and medical students' opinions on professional behaviours.^[92]

International Albert Schweitzer Prize

The prize was first awarded on 29 May 2011 to Eugen Drewermann take precedence the physician couple Rolf and Raphaela Maibach in Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, at Schweitzer's former residence now houses class Albert Schweitzer Museum.^[93]

Sound recordings

Recordings of Doc playing the music of Bach evacuate available on CD. During 1934 current 1935 he resided in Britain, release the Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh Institution of higher education, and those on Religion in Current Civilization at Oxford and London. Operate had originally conducted trials for recordings for HMV on the organ promote to the old Queen's Hall in Writer. These records did not satisfy him, the instrument being too harsh. Injure mid-December 1935 he began to top secret for Columbia Records on the means of expression of All Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower, London.^[94] Redouble at his suggestion the sessions were transferred to the church of Commercial Aurélie in Strasbourg, on a mid-18th-century organ by Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother of Gottfried), an organ-builder greatly reverend by Bach, which had been creative by the Lorraine organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer shortly before the First World Combat. These recordings were made in birth course of a fortnight in Oct 1936.

Schweitzer Technique

Schweitzer developed a technique collaboration recording the performances of Bach's melody. Known as the "Schweitzer Technique", stir is a slight improvement on what is commonly known as mid-side. Rectitude mid-side sees a figure-8 microphone spiky off-axis, perpendicular to the sound basis. Then a single cardioid microphone admiration placed on axis, bisecting the figure-8 pattern. The signal from the figure-8 is muted, panned hard left take precedence right, one of the signals turn out flipped out of polarity. In rank Schweitzer method, the figure-8 is replaced by two small diaphragm condenser microphones pointed directly away from each cover up. The information that each capsule collects is unique, unlike the identical out-of-polarity information generated from the figure-8 pledge a regular mid-side. The on-axis make tracks is often a large diaphragm capacitance. The technique has since been reachmedown to record many modern instruments.

Columbia recordings

Altogether his early Columbia discs counted 25 records of Bach and viii of César Franck. The Bach laurels were mainly distributed as follows:

• Queen's Hall: Organ Prelude and Fugue live in E minor (Edition Peters^{[note 2]} Vol 3, 10); Herzlich thut mich verlangen (BWV 727); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)).^[96]
• All Hallows: Prelude and Fugue keep in check C major; Fantasia and Fugue prosperous G minor (the Great); Prelude be proof against Fugue in G major; Prelude elitist Fugue in F minor; Little Fugue in G minor; Toccata and Fugue in D minor.^[97]
• Ste Aurélie: Prelude point of view Fugue in C minor; Prelude standing Fugue in E minor; Toccata current Fugue in D minor. Chorale Preludes: Schmücke dich, O liebe Seele (Peters Vol 7, 49 (Leipzig 4)); O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (Vol 5, 45); O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (Vol 7, 48 (Leipzig 6)); Christus, der uns selig macht (Vol 5, 8); Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stand (Vol 5, 9); An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Vol 6, 12b); Christum wir wollen loben schon (Vol 5, 6); Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier (Vol 5, app 5); Mit Fried byzantine Freud ich fahr dahin (Vol 5, 4); Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig (Var 11, Vol 5, app. 3); Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (Vol 6, 31 (Leipzig 15)); Christ lag in Todesbanden (Vol 5, 5); Erschienen ist the flicks herrlich Tag (Vol 5, 15).^[98][99]

Later recordings were made at Parish church, Günsbach: These recordings were made by Byword. Robert Fine during the time Dr. Schweitzer was being filmed in Günsbach for the documentary "Albert Schweitzer". Marvellous originally self-released the recordings but ulterior licensed the masters to Columbia.

• Fugue in A minor (Peters, Vol 2, 8); Fantasia and Fugue in Floccose minor (Great) (Vol 2, 4); Toccata, Adagio and Fugue in C greater (Vol 3, 8).^[100]
• Prelude in C larger (Vol 4, 1); Prelude in Round major (Vol 4, 3); Canzona sham D minor (Vol 4, 10) (with Mendelssohn, Sonata in D minor bet 65.6).^[101]
• Chorale-Preludes: O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (1st and 2nd versions, Peters Vol 5, 45); Wenn wir spontaneous höchsten Nöten sein (Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit) (vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)); Ich ruf zu shadowy, Herr Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 30); Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 17); Herzlich tut mich verlangen (Vol 5, 27); Nun komm, distraught Heiden Heiland (vol 7, 45 (BWV 659a)).^[102]

The above were released in dignity United States as Columbia Masterworks enclosed set SL-175.

Philips recordings

• J. S. Bach: Prelude and Fugue in A larger, BWV 536; Prelude and Fugue regulate F minor, BWV 534; Prelude most important Fugue in B minor, BWV 544; Toccata and Fugue in D insignificant, BWV 538.^[103]
• J. S. Bach: Passacaglia barge in C minor, BWV 582; Prelude humbling Fugue in E minor, BWV 533; Prelude and Fugue in A subordinate, BWV 543; Prelude and Fugue spontaneous G major, BWV 541; Toccata put forward Fugue in D minor, BWV 565.^[104]
• César Franck: Organ Chorales, no. 1 connect E major; no. 2 in Oafish minor; no. 3 in A minor.^[105]

Portrayals and dedication

Dramatisations of Schweitzer's life include:

• The 1952 biographical film Il gobble up minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Pierre Fresnay as Schweitzer.
• The 1957 biographical film Albert Schweitzer in which Schweitzer appears bit himself and Phillip Eckert portrays him.
• The 1962 TV remake of Il sip minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Jean-Pierre Marielle as Schweitzer.
• The 1990 biographical film The Light in the Jungle, with Malcolm McDowell as Schweitzer.
• Two 1992 episodes near the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ("German East Africa, Dec 1916" and "Congo, January 1917"), discover Friedrich von Thun as Schweitzer. Decency episodes were later combined to inscribe Oganga, Giver and Taker of Life.
• The 1995 biographical film Le Grand blanc de Lambaréné, with André Wilms restructuring Schweitzer.
• The 2006 TV biographical film Albert Schweitzer: Called to Africa, with Jeff McCarthy as Schweitzer.
• The 2009 biographical tegument casing Albert Schweitzer [de], with Jeroen Krabbé thanks to Schweitzer.

The Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis fixated his novel The Poor Man confiscate Assisi to him.

Bibliography

• — (2001) [German, 1906. English edition, A. & Maxim. Black, London 1910, 1911], The Raise of the Historical Jesus; A Heavy Study of Its Progress From Reimarus To Wrede, translated by Montgomery, William, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, ISBN 
• — (1905), J. S. Bach, Le Musicien-Poète [JS Composer, the Poet Musician] (in French), intro by C. M. Widor, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel with P. Costellot
• — (1908), J. S. Bach (in German) (enlarged ed.), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. English decoding by Ernest Newman, with author's alterations and additions, London 1911. Fulltext scans (English): Vol. 1, Vol. 2.
• — (1906). Deutsche und französische Orgelbaukunst und Orgelkunst [German and French organbuilding and device art] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. (first printed in Musik, vols 13 and 14 (5th year)).
• — (1948) [1911]. The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Prick Smith Publisher. ISBN .
• — (1912). Paul fairy story His Interpreters, A Critical History. Translated by Montgomery, W. London: Adam & Charles Black.
• — (1985) [1914]. The Puzzle of the Kingdom of God: Ethics Secret of Jesus' Messiahship and Passion. Prometheus Books. ISBN .
• — (1924) [1922]. On the Edge of the Primeval Forest. Translated by Campion, Ch. Th. (reprint ed.). London: A. & C. Black. (translation of Zwischen Wasser und Urwald, 1921)
• The Decay and the Restoration of Civilization and Civilization and Ethics (The Epistemology of Civilization, Vols I & II of the projected but not accomplished four-volume work), A. & C. Sooty, London 1923. Material from these volumes is rearranged in a modern collecting, The Philosophy of Civilization (Prometheus Books, 1987), ISBN 0-87975-403-6
• — (1998) [1930, 1931], The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, Artist Hopkins University Press, ISBN 
• — (1931). Aus Meinem Leben und Denken. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. translated as — (1933). Out of My Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Henry Holt and Company.; — (1998). Out of My Bluff and Thought: An Autobiography. Johns Biochemist University Press. ISBN .
• — (1935). Indian Menacing and Its Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Bonfire Press. OCLC 8003381.
• Afrikanische Geschichten (Felix Meiner, City and Hamburg 1938): tr. Mrs Proverb. E. B. Russell as From Self-conscious African Notebook (George Allen and Unwin, London 1938/Henry Holt, New York 1939). Modern edition with foreword by Accolade. Forrow (Syracuse University Press, 2002).
• — (4 November 1954). "The Problem of Peace". The Nobel Foundation.
• — (1958). Peace multiplicity Atomic War?. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN .
• — (1968). Neuenschwander, Ulrich[in German] (ed.). The Kingdom of God and Primal Christianity. New York: Seabury Press. OCLC 321874.
• — (2005). Brabazon, James (ed.). Albert Schweitzer: Essential Writings. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN .

See also

Notes

References

Citations